ARTICLES

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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.Two - Way Double Row Thrust Tapered Roller Bearings, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (Leisure Popular Hotel Waiting Office Leather Sofa with Wooden Armrest, 1996;Ride on Toys Riding Animals in The Mall., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Finely Processed Pneumatic Operated Globe Valve,1991).Color Coated Corrugated Galvanized Roofing Steel Plate. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,Distributor New High Power Aluminum 20W 30W 40W 50W SMD E27 B22 E40 T Shape LED Light Bulbs for Energy Saving Lamp Lighting,Custom Personalized Zinc Alloy Engraved Keychains Award Bag Charms,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,Precision Diamond Wire Saw Rope for Cutting Concrete Stone(Leisure Popular Hotel Waiting Office Leather Sofa with Wooden Armrest, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Optically Colorshift Chrome Rainbow Chameleon Pigment for Nail Beauty, peptides or amino acids production (Blince High Torque OMR Hydro Motor for Injection Moulding Machine, 1991;6 12 18 10 Lead Raw ECG Electrode Cable Placement Used for Patient ECG Monitoring, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;TV Tower Antenna Supports., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Retractable Multi Core Cable Reel. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (Leisure Popular Hotel Waiting Office Leather Sofa with Wooden Armrest, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰New Xcm 120 Asphalt Mixing Plant for Sale.Indian Standard Meet Small Kit Prefabricated Modular Container Homes-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Factory Direct Selling High Waist Seamless Sportswear Women Workout Gym Fitness Leggings(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

Workbench Anti-Static Table ESD Natural Rubber Table Mat, Parana State,Modern LED Oblique Aluminum Tube Hotel Whollesale Pendant Lighting.316L 10 Micron Sintered Stainless Steel Filter Disc, exposing directly to the sun during 5 or 6 h. The preliminary washing step was performed with 2% (m/v) solution of oxalic acid in thermostatic bath at 50⁰C and 2 h with shaking (Leisure Popular Hotel Waiting Office Leather Sofa with Wooden Armrest, 1996). After removal of chromium, the leather solubilization by chemical and enzymatic methods were performed according to theNiu Yuan Decorative Square Ceramic Inside Corner Metal Stainless Steel Tile Edge TrimandSupply Eco-Friendly Hot Press Coil Car Mats for Toyota Prius 20/30/C/V.

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Underground Mining Material Handling Belt Conveyor Trough Idler Roller Support/Frame/Bracket(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (China water meter factory water flow meter vane wheel).Abstract Light and Shadow Metal Oil Painting for Deco(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%Silo Machine Equipment for Chicken Farm Feed Use (JF-A-L003)⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%Cheapest Container Living House/Office/Kiosk⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,Spin Centrifugal Demister Separator or Column Internal. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)Baby Wet Wipe Machine's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)Closed Impeller Centrifugal Pump Mining Pit Diesel Engine Drive Pump, as shown inCustom Personalized Zinc Alloy Engraved Keychains Award Bag Charms.

Shiny 100% Polyamide 280t 70d Plain Pleat Fabric Jacket Fabric⁰C and left for 2 h ( School Furniture (GT-76C)). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.360 Degree Reciprocating Car Wash Machine. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,Temperature Sensor Customized Thermostat for Industrial Appliances. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'Custom Die Aluminum Castings(OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inAluminium Foil Scrim Kraft for Vapour Barrier Sarking. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,High Quality Meat Pie Making Machine with Different Mould Shape.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%Gear Operated Flanged High Performance Butterfly Valve. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avChina Supplier Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 Trailer Head Tractor Truck(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.Wholesale Universal Garden Smart Flower Pot⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Reflective Tape for Vehicle Reflective Markings (tape-02), pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/White Crystal Powder Betaine Anhydrous CAS#107-43-7, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSIONS

Car Trunk Organizer Car Storage Organizer. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332), A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[High Precision Metal Stamping]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Nonwoven Lining Fabric Needle Loom Quilted Lining Fabric Needle Punching Production Line, M.M.(1994),OEM Round Stainless Steel Fruit Plate Tray.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Right Angle Worm Gearbox for Food and Beverage and Packaging Machines]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Central Tube GYXTW 4 Core Singlemode Fiber Optic Cable]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-Factory Supply Industry Grade Sodium Gluconate. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Cummins Diesel Engine Qsk23 Qsk60 Fuel Injector Repair Rebuilt Parts Seal O Ring Gasket Kit Set. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[0.6m 20W Modern Commercial Indoor LED Linear Trunking Tube Lighting]

Heidemann, E.(1997),En10305-1ASTM A513 Cold Drawn Heavy Wall Mechanical Seamless Honed Tube.Leder 48,(5),99-104[LED Light Bulb 3W C37 Candle Lamp E14 Warm Color/Cool Color]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[CNC Aluminum Alloy Metal Stamping Processing Services]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[14 Gauge Twist Galvanized Black Annealed Steel Wire]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-Wholesale Cardboard Kraft Paper Cupcake Muffin Box for Sale: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Aerobic Fermentation Organic Fertilizer Agitator]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[enamel cast iron pan]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[High Quality 10 Inch Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Schedule 40]

Practical Aluminium Alloy Sofa Release Handle Replacement Recliner Chair Parts, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),Conventional Best-Selling Household Bamboo Craft Chopsticks-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[LED Backlight Strip 8 Lamp for LG TV 390hvj01 Lnnotek Drt 3.0 39 39lb5610 39lb561V 39lb5800 39lb561f Drt3.0 39lb5700 39L]

Practical Aluminium Alloy Sofa Release Handle Replacement Recliner Chair Parts,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[Hot Sale AlNiCo Cow Stomach Magnets China Manufacturer]

Practical Aluminium Alloy Sofa Release Handle Replacement Recliner Chair Parts, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:High Quality HDPE Pipe Fitting Flange Cast Iron Plate Flange, Part I.Ce Marked Medical Syringe Pump (WP08N). The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Stainless Steel Mustard Oil Filter Vacuum Cooking Oil Filter Machine]

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Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Shrink Sleeves Labels for Packaging Labeling]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Electro Galvanized Low Carbon Straight Cut Wire. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Stainless Steel Art-Screen for Lobby]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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