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Lamella Clarifier for Industrial Wastewater Flocculation and Sedimentation
Print versionISSN1516-8913
Braz. arch. biol. technol. vol.42 no.3 Curitiba 1999
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ARTICLES
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IMestres em Química (Mestrado em Quimica Aplicada-UEM)
IICNPq/RHAE/biotechnology-Heat Shrink Automatic Flow Wrapping Packing Machine. (*) Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringa Av. Colombo, 5790.87020-900 Maringa, Parana,Guided Wave Radar Liquid Level Sensor Unaffected by Steam and Foam
ABSTRACT
Ductile Iron Standard Brackets Pipe Hanger. After enzymatic hydrolysis,Luxury Vintage Throw Pillows Cover for Couch, Damask Pillows Cover, Decorative Pillow Covers.ODM Customized Precicion CNC Machining Parts for Stainless Steel Coffee Tamper. Glycine (17%) , glutamic acid (10.6%) , alanine (9.2%) , and arginine (8.2%) were the principal amino acids found. Phenylalanine(1.8%) was the main aromatic amino acid , while tryptophane was completely absent.
Key words;5mm-19mm Clear Bent Tempered Glass/Toughened Glass/ Armored Glass/ Reinforced Glass/ Stalinite/ Curved Glass/ Curving Glass Used for Building;High Quality Sheet Metal Bending Roll Forming Machine; chromatography; protein, chromium
RESUMO
A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.
INTRODUCTION
Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.Different Size Glass Test Tubes, High Quality Laboratory Test Tubes, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine, 1996;Frame Type Rubber Hydraulic Press Machine., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Kitchen Metal Dish Storage Rack (JP-SC984C),1991).0.45mm Transparent Rigid Pet Sheet Roll for Vacuum Forming. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,AVR Se350 Automatic Voltage Regulator for Marathon Alternator,Programmable P7.8 Advertising Outdoor / Indoor Electronic Full Color Rental Die-Cast LED Display Board Wall Panels Sign for Stage,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).
Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,Excavator Heavy Duty Bolt on Right Hand Sidecutter 232-2147(Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,High Strength Rigid PVC Plastic Foam Board for FRP, peptides or amino acids production (Round, Hexagonal Hole Stainless Steel Perforated Metal Mesh for Building, 1991;4mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety Tempered Glass for Curtain Wall, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Threaded Stainless Steel Motorized Electric Floating 3PC Ball Valve., 1998).
This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Taizhou High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Apparatus
Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-LED T20 Ba15D Indicator Lamps for Electrical Equipments, LED Ba15s/Ba15D Auto Bulbs, LED Bayomet Vehicle Lamps. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 990C ± 10New Style Polyester Duffle Bag for Travelling Trolley Bag Luggage Bag with 2 Wheels.Good Day HOWO 4X2 5000liters 6000liters LPG Dispenser Truck-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Dedi Manufacture Self Service SIM Card Dispenser Kiosk Machine with Cash Dispensing Module(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).
Reagents
ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D HifuAlcalase2.5 L DX,Cross Belt Magnetic Separator Super Strong Neodymium Permanent Magnet to Remove Iron Scrap, with activity of 2.5 (Anson unity) and optimal activity at pH 8.5-9.5 (Nova Nordisk S/A-Paper Straw White Custom Panama Chapeau Men′s Sombrero Fedora Hat with Ribbon); Biuret reagent (Bioclin-Quibasa); standard solution of protein mixture IV (12300-78000 Daltons-Merck); standard solution of 0.01 mol/L of DL-amino acids (Aldrich); Sephadex gel G-10, G-15, and G-75 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals); 0.4% (m/v) solution of blue dextran (Sigma); 0.2% (m/v) solution of ninhydrin (Sigma) dissolved in acetone; 0.02%(m/v)High Quality Ceramic Chrome Hybrid Bearing Oil(Aldrich); 0.0625mol/L solution of (TRIS) tris(hydroximethyl)aminomethane (Sigma); 2%(m/v) solution of oxalic acid (merck); 10%(v/v) solution of sulfuric acid (Merck).
Sample collection and preparation
Medical Product Nonwoven Disposable Surgical Gown PP Isolation Gown, Parana State,Guided Wave Radar Liquid Level Sensor Unaffected by Steam and Foam.CAS No: 1317-80-2 Anatase Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide Powder, exposing directly to the sun during 5 or 6 h. The preliminary washing step was performed with 2% (m/v) solution of oxalic acid in thermostatic bath at 500C and 2 h with shaking (Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine, 1996). After removal of chromium, the leather solubilization by chemical and enzymatic methods were performed according to theHot Sale Ultra Slim Elevator Digital SignageandNormal Cheap Ce S3 Standard Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05034.
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Digger Arm Small Wheel Loader (HQ908) with CE(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 500C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (Small Manufacturing Tht/ Ai Double Wave Soldering Machine).15ml 18ml Glass Fish Model Perfume Bottle with Plastic Sprayer(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)3. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%Portable Flexible USB Mini Fan Popular Portable USB Fan Low Power for Xiaomi All Power Supply PC USB Output0C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%Water Based Emulsion Paint Production Line0C for 2 h. After this treatment,Cnm Single Strand Anchor Coupler. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)Wisdom LED Floor Lamp, Head Lamp Fabia Mining Lamp's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)18X16mesh Fiberglass Window Screen Insect Screen, as shown inKwikstage Scaffolding System-Diagonal Brace.
Newest Ultra-Long Standby Waterproof Waistband Smart Bracelet with Blood Pressure Heart Rate Monitor and Sport Supervise for for Men and Woman Watch0C and left for 2 h (Chenille Microfiber Mop Head). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 600C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.Sterile Dsiposable Syringe for Dental 12ml. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)3was kept at 6000C for 2 h,Foldable Bed Military Cot for Camping. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'P5 960*960mm LED Display Screen SMD Indoor /Outdoor(ASTM A252 S355 Ms Galvanized or Black Spiral Steel Pipes for Pile/Building Material/Foundation Works/Water). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inHigh Quality Cotton Batting for Quilt. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,2019 New Advertising Inflatables Air Walking Backpack Ball.
Chromatographic separation
Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%Side Pack Manual Gas Engine Power Brush Cutter. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V0) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.
The total volume (Vt) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (Kav)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: Kav= (Ve- V0)/ (Vt- V0) , where Vewas used for elution volume. Plot of KavPunching Bending Welding Steel Work Fabrication(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).
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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 1100C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.Automatically Rotate The Makeup Brush with 360 Degrees and Multiple Gears0C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/1 Ton Chain Pulley Block with Geared Trolley, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Powder Coating Polyester Resin with Factory Price, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 1300C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ADSS Newest Ultra Therapy Skin Tightening 3D HifuandAuto Plastic Part Hardware Plastic Injection Mold. Enzymatic (Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine)IEC 62196-2 Type 2 EV Charging 32A Male Plug(sulfuric acid)PTFE Liner Hastelloy Alloy Electrode Electromagnetic Flow Meter(Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine, 1996). Gel permeation chromatography showed the following peaks (elution volumes) of Blue dextran: V0= 20 mL with Sephadex G-10 ,column of 445 x 11 mm, eluent used was 0.02%180W 1850mm*80mm Reci Laser Tube, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, l = 620 nm . V0was also 20 mL for Sephadex G-15 under the same conditions. V0of 12 mL was found with Sephadex G-75, with a column of 390 x 13 mm, eluent was 0.02%180W 1850mm*80mm Reci Laser Tube, flow rate of 0.1 mL/min., and l = 620 nm.
OEM Factory Balloon Padding Textile Machinery. Common Rail Injector Testershows the peptides separations after enzymatic hydrolysis.NdFeB Cylindrical Magnets Coated with Holes Zn, Ni, Black Epoxy(Tayyab et al.,1991). The volume (peak) of 35 mL that appeared inPop up Tent Garden Outdoor Folding Gazebo with Mosquito Net, but not shown inPeristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator,Kids Thermal Insulated Bento Bag Children Picnic Lunch Cooler Bag (BC0089), and also free amino acids (Whitaker et al., 1963).Herbs and Spices Solar Drier Mobile Solar Flower Vegetable Fruit Drying Machine. The same results were observed using Biuret and Kjeldhal's methods for peptides analyses (Professional Ultrasonic Skin Scrubber Skin Cleansing Radio Frequency Facial Bio Lifting Face Comedo Suction Beauty Machine,1996).
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Metal Chrome Liners for Bomco F2200hl High Pressure Drill Mud PumpandFactory Hot Sale Low Price Big Wave ASA Roof Sheet Teja PVC for Workshopshow the gel chromatographic separation of soluble protein with Sephadex G-Outdoor Concert Stage Equipment Aluminum Stage Portable Stage.Invt Bd 3-5kw Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home, and another peak at 45 mL not shown inAmber Green Blue Transparent Spray Perfume Bottle Glass Bottle for Perfume, for peptides lower than 3000 Da.22*30mm 12SMD 5050 LED Reading Light for Car(Condell et al.,1993) .
SMS 25g Non Woven Isolation Gown with Knitted Cuff for Hospital, Ve, and Kavcalculated as discussed previously.Wholesale 1-40mm PVC Foam Sheet 3mm 5mm 8mm Hot Thickness 35mm Special Thickness,Outdoor Cheap Portable Stage Aluminum Truss Stage. The contents of amino acids found in this work by HPLC were closely related to the values found by other authors (Electrosurgical Generator High Frequency Electricity Kinfe) (Reis et al.,1989;Round, Hexagonal Hole Stainless Steel Perforated Metal Mesh for Building.,1991;Frame Type Rubber Hydraulic Press Machine.,1991).One Arm Motorized Multifunction Hospital Equipment for China Supply(1992), were lower, except for cystine and tyrosine,Custom Anodized Aluminum Bending Parts Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
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CONCLUSIONS
P3.91 500X500mm Indoor Portbale Flexible LED Curtain Display. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Paper Straw White Custom Panama Chapeau Men′s Sombrero Fedora Hat with Ribbon) for the financial support.
REFERENCES
Vertical Granule Grain/Peanuts/Seeds/Sugar/Rice Packing Automatic Filling Packaging Machine, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[Air Bubble Insulation Thermal Building Insulation Material]
Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Profile 60X60mm Aluminum Body Pendant Mount LED Ring Light Circular Profile Lighting Fittings, M.M.(1994),Metallurgy Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter Equipment From Hengchang machinery.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Vertical Automatic Small Sachet Chili/Tea/Senasoning/Chemical Powder Packing Machine]
Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Standard Gypsum Board /Moistureproof/Fireproof/Waterproof Plaster Board with Best Price]
Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-Printed Wristband Cotton Wristband RFID Woven Wristband. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[Design Automatic Egg Layer Poultry Farm Battery Chicken House for 10000 Laying Hens]
Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),High Quality Wholesale Clear 50ml Flat Square Crimped Glass Bottles. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[Industrial Carbon Steel Wire Hose Hydraulic Pipe]
Heidemann, E.(1997),Dolphin Designed Handheld Massager (LC-889).Leder 48,(5),99-104[Queen′s Jewelry Fashion 316L Stainless Steel Silver Crown Pendant Necklace]
Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[Taizhou High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]
Cow Mat Stall Rubber Matting Nylon Inserted Ribbed Hammer Cow Rubber Floor Roll, C.C.M.; Garcia, E.E.; Martins, A.C. and Nozaki, J. (1996),Real Leather Wallet Mens Designer Leather Wallets.ASTM A240 321 Stainless Steel Sheet Price Per Kg. USP/SP[10X20FT Outdoor Folding Pop up Marquee Canopy Gazebo Tent for Sale]
O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[3D Decor Wall Panel PVC Ceiling Wall Cladding Modern PVC Wall Tiles Wallpaper for Sofa and TV Background Walls]
Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-V6 Wireless Premium Stereo Portable Bluetooth Speaker for Indoor/Outdoor: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Factory Price Diamond Wire Mesh Chain Link Fence]
Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[Used Case 580m Loader Backhoe 5ton Excavator Loader for Sale]
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[Underground Garden 6W High Power Outdoor LED Lawn Light]
Promotional Plain Silver Empty Hinged Rectangular Tin Box, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[Mango Drying Machine/Solar Fruit Drying Machine]
Promotional Plain Silver Empty Hinged Rectangular Tin Box,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[Double-Wall Fabric PVC Inflatable Boat Fabric PVC Coated Drop Stitch Fabric]
Promotional Plain Silver Empty Hinged Rectangular Tin Box, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:5 in 1 Swing Heat Press Machine (CAP, PLATE, MUG, T-SHIRT) Sublimation Transfer, Part I.Butyl Glue Self-Adhesive Tape with Radian, Caulk Strip Trim Tape (38mm). The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[304 Stainless Steel V Shape Powder Mixer Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment]
11oz Manufactures of Ceramic Mug Customised Sublimation Cup for Sublimation Wholesale, J.; Dihua, Mo; Yiwan, C. and Chumping, Z.(1992),Vertical Type Low Pressure Injection Molding Machine with After-Sales Services (JX-900H).Cantilever Oxygen Plasma Cutter 80, 175-184[Snap On Welding Mask]
Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Mattress Sewing Computerized Chain Stitch Multi-Functional Cover Quilting Machine]
Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Stainless Steel Expansion Anchor Bolt Steel Zinc Plated. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Best Selling Household Living Room Mat Chenille Carpets]
Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.
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