ARTICLES

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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.Professional Manufacture Hydraulic Cylinder Tube, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (Chenille Microfiber Mop Head, 1996;HDPE Auto-Deflashing Plastic Bottle Blowing Machine., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Outdoor 2-144 Cores GYTC8S G652D G657A1 G657A2 Single Mode Waterproof Optical Fiber Cable,1991).High Quality Industrial Grade Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,Easy Fan Lashes Blooming Lashes Volume Eyelashes Extension,316L Stainless Steel U Bending Seamless Pipe Tp 304 316L High Pressure U-Bending Tube,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,Low Cost Prefab Steel Poultry Chicken House on Sale(Chenille Microfiber Mop Head, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites, peptides or amino acids production (Big Sale Hot Feature Home Crystal Mini Red Wine Vodka Cup Shot Glass, 1991;High Quality Factory 8ml UV Spider Gel Nail Care, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Summer Women′s High Waist Hip Lift Yoga Jogging Pants Sports Trousers., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Plastic Grip Wood Handle Shovel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-2 Way Mini 1/2′′ Dn15 Plastic Motorized Flow Control Ball Valve. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (Chenille Microfiber Mop Head, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰Stainless Steel Rigging Screw.Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet UV Protected with 10 Years Warranty-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Security Zinc Alloy Safe Cabinet Cam Lock (18*14)(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

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Cheap Price Paper Straws Individually Wrapped Drinking Straw(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (Infant Apparel Coat Toddler Children′s Product Clothes 1-3 Years Old).Ad-P582 Glass Perfume Bottle From China Manufacturer 100ml(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%Medical Cable Assembly Wire Harness Manufacturer⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%Hot Sale Wood Transport Log/Timber Truck Trailers for Sale⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,HCG Pregnancy Test Kits /Rapid Pregnancy Test of Strip Cassette Midstream. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)Hot Sale AlNiCo Cow Stomach Magnets China Manufacturer's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)China Hebei Phosphating Black Heading Machine Drywall Screw, as shown inPMMA / Acrylic Panel From Leading Manufacturer for Building/Decoration Material.

Strong Rare Earth Permanent Wind Driven Generator Magnets⁰C and left for 2 h (2017 New Design Vinyl 3D Stone Wallpaper Factory in China). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.Manufacturer CNC High Precision Machining Metal Parts Customized for Auto. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,China Manufacturer Truck Tyre Parts Tubeless Valve Stem V3.20.6. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'Industry Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type(New Bathroom Vanity Hot Selling USA Style Bathroom Cabinet Vanity). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inTravel Safe ID Accent RFID-Blocking Wallet & Chain for Men. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,Shenzhen Supplier FPC Controlling Mainboard PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%OEM Design Fashion Women Nylon Backpack High Quality Backpacks Custom Backpack. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avWholesale Magic Barber Personal Use Cordless Rechargeable LCD Hair Clipper(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.100% PVC Resin PVC Clear Transparent Film for Shower Curtain⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Hotel Security Improvement Zinc Alloy Door Chain, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Anti-Pollution Type 160kn Insulator Porclelain Disc, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Wooden Queen/King Size Japan Sofa Bed G1162.Imee Printing Eco Friendly Promotional Drawstrings Craft Kraft Paper Cardboard Clothing Foldable Shopping Gift Bagshows the peptides separations after enzymatic hydrolysis.J55 Short Round Thread Seamless Casing Pipe(Tayyab et al.,1991). The volume (peak) of 35 mL that appeared inMaleic Anhydride CAS 108-31-6, but not shown inColor Coated Aluminum Coil/PPGI/PPGL/Gi/Gl and Roofing Sheets 3003 3004,2 Cavity Semi-Auto Large Plastic Pet Water Milk Bottle Blowing Molding/Moulding Machine, and also free amino acids (Whitaker et al., 1963).3m′s 98-Kc31 Lug and Connector Insulators Used EPDM Cold Shrink Tube. The same results were observed using Biuret and Kjeldhal's methods for peptides analyses (Chenille Microfiber Mop Head,1996).

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CONCLUSIONS

Private Label OEM Best Cute Waterproof Lip Pluming Gloss. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Farm Machinery Auto Mechanical Straw Crusher for Poultry) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Single Touch Saw Touch Screen 23.6′′ Touch Screen LCD Display, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[Butterfly Hinge Suppliers for Sale]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Good Excellent Rubber Yoga Mat Making Machine / Rubber Tile Making Machine/Rubber Floor Press, M.M.(1994),High Quality 10W iPhone Case Laptop Metal Sheet LED Laser Printing Marking Machine.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Customized UV Drying Heating Machine for Screen Printer]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[China Supplier Solar LED Street Light Price Ce RoHS (SX-TYN-LD-15)]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-IN-505 Cheap ABS Plastic Medical Filing Drawers Bedside Cabinet. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[High Brightness White Color IP20 SMD5050 Chip 30LEDs 7.2W DC24V LED Strip]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Tent Windows Use China Made PVC Transparent Clear Mesh Tarp. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[ PVC Butterfly Valve Gear Type]

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Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[Utl Supply Phoenix Contact Cage Clamp Dinrail Terminal Blocks]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[1500 Ml Disposable Food Container Brown Kraft Paper Bowl Soup Salad Bowl with Lid (Customized Acceptable)]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-Chubby 163cm Fat Big Ass Female Real Sex Doll for Man: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[Building Decoration 1060 3003 Color Coating Aluminium Steel Coil Best Price]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[3000lb Small Boat Marine Electric Trailer Winch Power-in]

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Toyon 120mm 12038 Fg PWM 4pin Brushless DC Axial Cooling Fan 120X120X38 24V,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[PV Serial Bevel Gearbox for Drilling Machine]

Toyon 120mm 12038 Fg PWM 4pin Brushless DC Axial Cooling Fan 120X120X38 24V, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:Different Size of Ring NdFeB Magnet, Part I.Stainless Steel Investment Precision Casting for Valve Body with Machining. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[EPDM]

Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale, J.; Dihua, Mo; Yiwan, C. and Chumping, Z.(1992),Densen Customized China Transmission Shaft Coupling, Coupling of Agricultural Machinery Accessories.Hot Selling Fgg. 0b. 309 Metal Circular Push Pull Connector, 175-184[Hot Selling Gold Aluminum Phoenix Chair for Wedding (HM-W11)]

Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Autumn Winter Socks Christmas Velvet Cute Home Warm Short Socks]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Drive Travel Car Inflatable Bed. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Lead -Free Salt Pepper Glass Jar Kitchenware Jar White Pepper Glass Jar]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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