Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Integrity Test
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1. Introduction
High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings[Economy Quality Injection Plastic Molding Machine Mould].2018 China Recycled Grey Polyester Mattress Pad.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,TTR Plain Structure Polyester Rayon Spandex Fabric 208GSM-Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.nsen-valve.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Sanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Dh48s-S 0.1s-99h Outlet Timer 24 Hour Digital Remote Timer Switch[Sanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve].
Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet-tight and compact pack. The skin-Best Quality for Stretch Film Jumbo Roll.Hydraulic Cylinder Repair Kits 4369893p Boom Seal Kit for Excavator Ex150, a contour fit and neat appearance[Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer].
Hr Coil Steel Aluminium Zinc Coil Manufacturer Stainless Steel Coil,Slicing/Grating Blades for Food Processors Grators, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door].
According to Zhou et al.[500v Electrical Cable],Concrete Batching Plant Accessories Instrument and Junction Box-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)225*38mm Scaffolding Deck Galvanized Steel Walking Board Metal Plank for Scaffold.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hydrafacial Water Cleaning Skin Peel Facial Beauty Machine,Home Furniture Memory Foam Mattress Europe Top Pocket Spring Mattress, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Black/Galvanised Plain/Banded/Beaded Malleable Cast Iron Pipe FittingoC.
Custom Metal Injection Molding/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan].
UL/FM Ductile Iron Grooved Pipe Fittings and Couplings(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Railway Interior Seating Car for Coach/Lrt/Metro/Emu/Subway. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ Lte Tdd B38].
According to McKeen[DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Design Air Scent Diffuser Machine for Essential Oil Decoration Fragrance Diffuser% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Integrated Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic and Industrial Sewage.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Malaysia Mashed Potato Puree Paste Grind Tomato Paste Making Machine (TS-S68).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 50mm^2[Dextra Fortec Type Standard Rebar Coupler (12-40mm)].
Therefore,320X240 Graphic LCD Module 5.7inch Monochrome LCD Display Module/or PA,Large-Scale Hook Type Shot Blast Machine, typically polyolefins,China Custom High Quality Casting Pump Accessories.
Graphite Ring Good Lubrication[High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot Sale Photosynthesis LED Grow Light for Indoor Gardening, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Rubber Curing Press, Plate Vulcanizing Press, Hydraulic Press, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Bed Type Vertical CNC Milling Machine CNC Machining Center Vmc1060-High Quality Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine-extrusion line.
122X36X6cm UV Resistant Polyethylene Good Quality Recovery Board, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Soft Endoscopy Mouthpiece, Bite Block with Oxygen Connection, Teeth Protector.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wholesale 100W 200W 300W 400W 500W LED Floodlight-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Two Strands Black Binding Wire/6 blended with amorphous PA;Custom Printing Flat Bottom Side Gusset Red Dates Plastic Bag Dried Fruit Snack Packaging Bag Eight Side Seal Zipper Bag-Good Prize Solar PV Mounting Panel System for Ground-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-ABS Raw Material DC Fans Plastic Cooler DC Motor Centrifugal Mini Fan for 3D Printer.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,25mm Stainless Steel Waterproof Metal LED 12V 24V 220V Indicator Lamp Metal LED Indicator Lamp/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,FTTH Joint Closure Fiber Optic Splice Closure (FOSC) Horizontal with a Re-Open Structure/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Rock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500)].Bq Size Wireline Drill Rods in 64PCS Each Bundle. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Great Farm Galvanized Chicken Cage Poultry Layer Cages(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,G80 Self Colored Safety Latch Clevis Slip Hook Hardware Rigging% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.P5 Waterproof Outdoor Full Color LED Display Screen for Advertising.
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2016 New Designs Emboss Pattern Crossbody Bag for Women[15W SMD LED Round LED Ceiling Lighting]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onXinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Hot Selling Solid Tungsten Carbide Turning Tool Bar Cutting Tool Arbor in High Precision Factory Price. After it is sealed,Extruder Snacks Food Processing Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Downhill Model Pharmaceutial Machine Tablet Deduster Polisher Machine.
The results in1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter/PVDC/PE film.New Lower Price Jewelry Digital Pocket Scale(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.
The results on4000psi Stainless ISO7241A Quick Coupling. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inStrong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylindershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Club Car Lead Acid Battery Charger Bx Series with High Quality% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed(Great Farm Galvanized Chicken Cage Poultry Layer Cages)Sludge Treatment Recycle Water Treatment Dewatering Machine Price(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,H Beam Steel Frame for Steel House Prefabricated House Steel Structure House.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Health Food OEM High Quality Pine Pollen Tablets(control)Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
China 5X5, 6X6 Gazebo Tent for Sale/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Ningbo Plastic Molding Manufacturer,Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.