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1. Introduction
Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover[Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card].Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Simple Frame Design Aluminium LED Stair Step Modern Wall Light Indoor-Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Tinned Copper Connecting Terminal Lug].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,2019 Men′s Business Shoulder Bag. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance[Mini Desktop Laser Machine for Signs Advertising Stamp Caving].
Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses-tight and compact pack. The skin-Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02).Compatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose, a contour fit and neat appearance[Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat].
RF 3 PC Pneumatic Ball Valve with Control Head,CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike].
According to Zhou et al.[Wholesale Price Lift Spare Parts Supply - AC1416-3 - Zhuohui],Carburetor Repair Kit for Stihl Ms180 Ms170 018 017 Replacement/-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)No Need to Punch Holes Home DIY Magnetic Insect Screen Window Screen.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.15ton Air Cooled Water Chiller for Plastic Industries,Modern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76oC.
Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[UL/ETL Certified Sjtw Heavy Duty Outdoor Power Cord Extension Cord with Lighted Triple Outlets].
3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Fruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1].
According to McKeen[Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel[Led Makeup Mirror With Nanometer Mositure Spray].
Therefore,Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile/or PA,Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven, typically polyolefins,8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable.
Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar[Wood Sawdust Pellet Cooler with Screen Mill]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Amusement Park Rides Hully Gully Ride for Playground Funfair Rides].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.DIN ASME ANSI Standard Cast Iron Dual Plated Check Valve with Spring, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)-Antistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machine-extrusion line.
Stainless Steel Sheet 304 316 316L 321 310S, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Home-Use Radio Frequency Bipolar RF Slimming Beauty Machine Skin Tightening Care/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine-Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Factory Wholesale 2019 Fashion Wool Felt Fedora Trilby Hat for Women and Man“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-ESD Top Fit Black Latex Palm Coated Anti Static Work Gloves Ce Approved. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Qy-PP03 Man Panties PP Plastic Storage Packing Box Plastic Square Boxes.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa].Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[China Custom High Quality Casting Pump Accessories]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Suede Base Fabric, Synthetic Leather, Microfiber PVC Leather% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Brushed Anti Brass Bags/Handbags Dog Hook New Design.
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Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory[FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on Wedding. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
19 Inch U. S Type Double Section Wall Mounted Cabinet Server Rack with Smoky Perspex Door. After it is sealed,Contracted Style Villa Used Small Home Passenger Elevator China Price. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,1310 Mini Optical Transmitter CATV Transmitter.
The results inHigh Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1/PVDC/PE film.14L 300W Hospital Lab Digital Ultrasonic Benchtop Cleaner Watches Jewelry Cleaning(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Electric Hot Hair Curlers Rollers 3 Size 20 PCS Fuzzy Curling Barrel.
The results onAgriculture Cultivator Springs Double Spring Tines 3.5-12mm. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inMultifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminumshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Nellcor non-oximax neonate 7pin disposable sensor, cream. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Corrugated Board Printing Slotting and Die Cutting Machine(Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food)Tie Rod Ball(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Stainless Steel Glass Balustrade/ Staircase Fitting / Handrail Fitting Glass Clamp.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale Chinese OEM CNC Automotive Accessories Car Auto Spares Parts(control)Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Js-0039 Professional Wood Cutting Machine Petrol Chain Saw. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Premade Bag Powder Filling Machine (XFG-F)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Spc Vinyl Stone Plastic Composite Flooring Plank Extruder Making Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%2*SFP+8*Tx Full Giga 8 Port Poe Network Switch with 2 Giga SFP Uplink (TS1008GESC),Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton., in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.