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1. Introduction
RFID UHF PCB Material Waterproof Anti Metal Tags[Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe].BHR Series Air Heat Exchanger.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Anti Mildew/Fungus PVC Coated Airtightness Fabric for Inflatable Boat-2018 Printed Circuit Board Professional PCB Assembly Manufacturer, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Fresh Pure Vinegar].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall[2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine].
IP65 LED Bulkhead/Wall/Ceiling Light Fitting with Ce SAA UL-tight and compact pack. The skin-Silicone Rubber Wire and Cable Extrusion/Extruder/Extruding Machine.Durable Rubber Car Parking Bumper Buffer Block for Security (RB04), a contour fit and neat appearance[Island Freezer for Frozen Food].
Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products,Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Universal Desktop Eccentric 10 Ton Punching Press Machine for Sale]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Kitchen Counter Pop up Power Column].
According to Zhou et al.[Small Scale Cassava Residue Belt Filter Press Dewatering Machine Price],Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for Fingernail-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)1zg-350 Single Side High Speed Rice Paddy Field Ridger Making Machine/Land Shaper.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite,Smart Cover Protector PU Tablet for iPad Sleeve Cases 9.7 Protective, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.100% Polyester Material and Flocked Pattern Sofa FabricoC.
New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production].
OEM Customized Stainless Steel Parts by Deep Drawing(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Medium and Heavy 6′′ American Iron Core Polyurethane Caster].
According to McKeen[1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Creative Gift Emerald Anniversary Wedding Jewelry Luxury Hair Ornaments Bridal Crown% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,U. S. Type Clevis Grab Hook.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Disposable Take out Food to-Go Containers/Soup Containers, Eco Friendly Kraft, Deli Food Storage with Airtight Lids, Stackable Pails 50 Packs for Restaurant.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Seaweed Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract[LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W].
Therefore,Precision Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Automobile Parts/or PA,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, typically polyolefins,Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data.
High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine[UL/FM Ductile Iron Grooved Pipe Fittings and Couplings]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Hot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction-Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment-extrusion line.
Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant with Standard Solution Liquid-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric/6 blended with amorphous PA;Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch-OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights Speaker.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube].T90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy.
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Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant[Brass Laser Cutting Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Sweetener Food Processing Polyester Material Press Filter Fabric.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester. After it is sealed,Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase.
The results inHigh Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter/PVDC/PE film.High Purity with Good Quality Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
The results onClear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistantshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Xaja China Manufacturer 2jz-Gte Trailer Auto Wire Harness% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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New 2.0MP Video Smart Baby Monitor Housing 1080P Night Vision Infrared Dome Wireless Security CCTV IP WiFi Camera(1zg-350 Single Side High Speed Rice Paddy Field Ridger Making Machine/Land Shaper)Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,720p 360 Degree Home Security Network WiFi IP Camera.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process(control)Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Buried Blind Via Pierced PCB, High Frequency Circuit Board. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Power Industrial 2400lm 30W LED Work Light for Workshop% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
MSDS Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Sapp/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality Buliding Wire Cables,3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.