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1. Introduction
Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag[Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount].Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011-China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Felt Cosmetic Bag/pen-pencil Case Or Storage Pouch Purse].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas[Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting].
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China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export,Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Affordable Expandable Belt Conveyor].
According to Zhou et al.[Water Bottle],2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile,Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack StandoC.
RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1291].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester].
Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker].
According to McKeen[Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)MPET Film for Packing and Insulation[100w Modular High Bay Light Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles/or PA,180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V), typically polyolefins,Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25.
Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price[Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Economy Quality Injection Plastic Molding Machine Mould].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Sanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price-Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)-extrusion line.
Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL/6 blended with amorphous PA;White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar-Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ Lte Tdd B38].Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park.
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Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer[PU Leather Mens Crossbody Messenger Bag]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model. After it is sealed,Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Bus Video Security CCTV Camera) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit.
The results inOEM Custom Challenge Coin Metal Medal Medallion Soft Enamel Zinc Alloy Military Gold Sport Running Award Souvenir Medallion for Event/PVDC/PE film.Hotselling Zink Alloy Die Casting Shoe Buckles, Slipper Shoe Accessories(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Screwed Connection Flexible Double Sphere Rubber Expansion Joint with Union.
The results onWood Sawdust Pellet Cooler with Screen Mill. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serumshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Machinery Brace Stamping Metal Frame(1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000))Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws(control)2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Inflatable Boat with Outboard Engine Fishing Boat Fold Boat,12V DC worm gear brushless motor for medical equipment, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.