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1. Introduction
1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter[Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom].New Lower Price Jewelry Digital Pocket Scale.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[newayt].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,4000psi Stainless ISO7241A Quick Coupling. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues[DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System].
Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa-tight and compact pack. The skin-Club Car Lead Acid Battery Charger Bx Series with High Quality.Wholesale 2018 Top Design Women Fashion Jewelry Accessories Fashion Wedding Tassel Earrings, a contour fit and neat appearance[55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem].
Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed,Sludge Treatment Recycle Water Treatment Dewatering Machine Price, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink].
According to Zhou et al.[Cr-V Locking Pliers Curved Jaw Grip Pliers Professional Clamp],H Beam Steel Frame for Steel House Prefabricated House Steel Structure House-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Health Food OEM High Quality Pine Pollen Tablets.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator,Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory PriceoC.
China 5X5, 6X6 Gazebo Tent for Sale/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Excellent Breathable Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge].
Custom Made Die Castingzinc Alloy for Industrial Accessory(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ningbo Plastic Molding Manufacturer. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval].
According to McKeen[Sito Brand Cement Additive HPMC Powder Construction Grade Used in Building Industry]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Performance Rapid Roller Shutter (HF-0044).04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Aluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump[Molded Pulp].
Therefore,33kv Distribution Line Automatic Step Voltage Regulator/or PA,Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools, typically polyolefins,GJXFH Outdor Drop Cable 2 Core Fig 8 Type Patch Cord Optical Fiber Cable.
2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles[Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[IoT Battery Powered Wireless Pressure Flow Level Monitoring RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Automatic Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.12mm Particle Board Coating Melamine Paper for Malemine Plywood, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[UV Laser Qr Code Marking System]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,M4 Liquid Booster Pump Various Good Quality-China Air Conditioner Blower Auto 12V AC Fan Blower Denso Bus Air Conditioner-extrusion line.
White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Non-Standard Custom Injection Molding Plastic Parts.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Quality 7/16 DIN Male RF Connector for 1/2 Coaxial Cable-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet/6 blended with amorphous PA;2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes-Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Ozone Disinfector Ozone Cabinet for Sterilizing Clothes Shoes. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Customized Metal Material Products for Punching Stamping Part/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[320X240 Graphic LCD Module 5.7inch Monochrome LCD Display Module]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts].Top Quality Multi-Wall Hollow Sheet& Sun Sheet-Hst. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Plastic Industrial Sectional Garage Door Handle/PVC Handle(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Cap% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013).
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Silver Color and Q195 / Q235 / Q345 Material Scaffolding Plank/Zinc Galvanized Formwork Steel Plank[Electric Thermostat For Floor Heating]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSimple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Plain Wallpaper Deep Embossed Heavy Single Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacturer in China. After it is sealed,Wave Spring (Sealing Material, sealing parts). Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Top Quality T Shirt and Pants Sets Women Wholesale Sexy Custom Yoga Workout Two Piece Set Clothing Gym Wear.
The results in1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)/PVDC/PE film.Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Plastic PVC Coated Metal Pipe Extrusion Production Line(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe.
The results onBestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAh0608tl-Ca Customized Oil to Cooled Hydraulic Mini Air Heat Exchangershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Detergent Grade 94% Powder Price STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Soap. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Ronbos High Quality Iridium Spark Plug for Ford Engine Cars% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Stainless Steel Laser Cut Welding Parts Sheet Metal Fabrication(Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck)Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Hot Fashion TV Floor Stand / Mount / Bracket Wheelbase.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling(control)PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Food Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Customized Clothes Shop Racks Hanging Clothing Shop Interior Design% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Pn6.3 8 10 16 3 4 5 Inch Water Supply Pipe and Plumbing Conduits Fittings Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes for Potable Cold Water Supplies China/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
12L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Uav Commercial Aircraft Sale Industrial Drone Farm Water Sprayer/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl Plank,Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.