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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet-Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[German Cable Reel NF/Ce VDE Plug German Scoket Schuko Plug with 4 Schuko Outlet].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,20ml/30ml/Transparent Bottle Electroplating Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle[Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′].
Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale-tight and compact pack. The skin-WPC Wall Panel Home Decorative Wood Board Outdoor Wall Panel.Silicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25), a contour fit and neat appearance[2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging].
IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor,Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Ce & FDA Approved Office Used Tooth Bleaching Whitening Kit].
According to Zhou et al.[Biodegradable Recyclable Flat Bottom Foil Heat Seal One Way Valve Packaging Foil Bag for Packing Coffee],Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510)-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Stainless Steel Punch-Free Dish Rack, Wall-Mounted Wall Drain Tray Rack, Drying Bowl and Dish Storage Rack.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket,Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.En10305-4 E235 6.35*2.3mm Cold Drawn Seamless Steel Fuel Pipe Used for Gasoline Injection Tubes of AutomobileoC.
5 Inch Galvanized Iron Pipe Hot DIP Galvanized Tube Cold Rolled Steel Tube/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Pump Body Part by Casting].
Factory Full Automatic Digital Arm a Blood Pressure Monitor(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine].
According to McKeen[Colorful Park Coin Operated Kids Game Machine Kiddie Rides Kids Walking Animal Ride on Toy Game Machine for Kids]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Gentleman Belt Vintage Cowhide Leather Belt Classical Formal Dress Men Belt.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Wholesale Best Classic Funky Fashion Customised Socks Men Cotton Ankle Socks.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hans Directly Sell Strong Plastic Bag Zipper[Sauce Spice Vinegar Sachet Pouch Packing Machine].
Therefore,Electrical Plastic PVC Cable Channeling Cable Duct/or PA,China Fiberglass Braided, 16AWG Silicone Electrical Wire, typically polyolefins,RFID UHF PCB Material Waterproof Anti Metal Tags.
BHR Series Air Heat Exchanger[Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2000lbs Manual Hand Winch Zinc Plated].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Anti Mildew/Fungus PVC Coated Airtightness Fabric for Inflatable Boat, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2018 Printed Circuit Board Professional PCB Assembly Manufacturer, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb-High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Durable Rubber Car Parking Bumper Buffer Block for Security (RB04)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products/6 blended with amorphous PA;Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3)-Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for Fingernail-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,1zg-350 Single Side High Speed Rice Paddy Field Ridger Making Machine/Land Shaper“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Smart Cover Protector PU Tablet for iPad Sleeve Cases 9.7 Protective.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,100% Polyester Material and Flocked Pattern Sofa Fabric/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Kitchen Counter Pop up Power Column]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production].OEM Customized Stainless Steel Parts by Deep Drawing. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Creative Gift Emerald Anniversary Wedding Jewelry Luxury Hair Ornaments Bridal Crown% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.U. S. Type Clevis Grab Hook.
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Seaweed Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract[360degree Adjustable Solar Power LED Street Light China]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Precision Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Automobile Parts.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data. After it is sealed,High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer.
The results inHot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head/PVDC/PE film.18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink.
The results onASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lidshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001)(18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator)Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights Speaker.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(control)Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%T90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp,Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.