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1. Introduction
Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor[Motorcycle Iridium Ignition Spark Plug].10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90-Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[High Quality Steel Garden Rake/Farm Rake Round Teeth].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain[Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light].
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Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital,Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Zirconium Dioxide Material Zro2 Granules for Optical Coating]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body].
According to Zhou et al.[Vodka Bottle],Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector,Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for SaleoC.
Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Quality Waterproof SMC Square Composite Manhole Cover with Frame].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles].
Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker].
According to McKeen[Export Ck45 Air Cylinder Tube for Truck Hydraulic Cylinder]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide[Pole Line Hardware Galvanized Forged Steel Ball Eye Machine Bolt].
Therefore,10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner/or PA,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug, typically polyolefins,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings.
5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose[Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Highest Speed Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Bagger].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag-260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles/6 blended with amorphous PA;Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply-Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo].Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines.
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Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle[Denso Injector Assy 6218-11-3101 for Komatsu Wa450-5 Engine Parts]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar Heater. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. After it is sealed,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (2016 New Designs Emboss Pattern Crossbody Bag for Women) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle.
The results in2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials/PVDC/PE film.High Quality Paper Making Dryer Felt of Paper Machine(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures.
The results on1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedanceshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Crystal Leaf Headdress Bride Hand-Woven Flower Hair Band Hair Clip% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Class A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Board(CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine)Solid Wood Hampton Inn Hotel Furniture for Guest Bed Room(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,RFID Smart Card Sle5542 Sle4442 Sle4428 Contact Blank PVC IC Card with Hico Magnetic Stripe.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Disposable Nitrile Gloves for Tatto Beauty Salon Blue/Purple/Pink/Black Color(control)1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hot Sale Medical Diagnostic Psa Tumor Test Kits. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Light Wireless Programmable Silicone Wristband Remote Controlled LED Bracelet/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
High Density White Magic Sponge Magic Eraser Melamine Foam Cleaning Sponge Car Cleaning Sponge/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China Electronic Fly Killer Mosquito Killer Trap Lamp Manufacturers,Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.