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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Blue Forklift LED Light Warehouse Safety Warning Lamp Spot Offroad Race 12V 48V-Silicone Coated Fiberglass Insualtion Jacket, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Fashion Handbag PVC Beach Bag for Ladies with Eco-Friendly Material].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Door Access Security MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K 4K 8K PVC RFID Keyfob Tag. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Motorcycle Iridium Ignition Spark Plug[12tons 24m3 Animal Feed & Grain Electrical Driving Bulk Feed Truck].
Colorful Park Coin Operated Kids Game Machine Kiddie Rides Kids Walking Animal Ride on Toy Game Machine for Kids-tight and compact pack. The skin-Outdoor Survival Transformer Adjustable Lighter Bracelet.CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts, a contour fit and neat appearance[CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover].
Customized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw,Herbal Extract Herb Agaricus Bisporus Extract with High Quality, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding].
According to Zhou et al.[Furniture Laboratory],Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Kimwipes Cleaning Paper for Fibre Optic Equipment.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.80W/100W/130W/150W Reci Laser Tube for MDF Cutting,Yvonne Hair Wholesale Remy Peruvian Human Hair Weave, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Measuring Tool 2 Buttons 400mm Digital Inclinometer Spirit LeveloC.
Silk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serum/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Hans Directly Sell Strong Plastic Bag Zipper].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[E5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller].
Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hdr100 L2 Iopenwrt Outdoor Router CPE Support Lte FDD. B1, 3, 7, 8, 20, Lte Tdd B38, B40.. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line].
According to McKeen[OEM Customized Stainless Steel Parts by Deep Drawing]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hose Protection Guard Silicone Coated Glass Fibre Braided Sleeve% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Kitchen Counter Pop up Power Column.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Rock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)ISO9001 & Ce Certificated Superfine Cocoa Cake Powder Grinder Mill[Jeans Bleaching Ozone Generator with CE].
Therefore,Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS)/or PA,Medical Dental Sterilizer Cabinet Disinfection Cabinet with Single Door, typically polyolefins,Grilling Kabob Rack with 6 BBQ Skewers Barbecue Grill Rack.
3rt1025-3vb40 Motor Control Non-Reversing AC Contactor[Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Class 10.9 Hex Head Screw High Strength Steel Plain, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Amusement Park Rides Hully Gully Ride for Playground Funfair Rides, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Electric Wholesale Household Men Hair Trimmer Hair Clipper-Mini Desktop Laser Machine for Signs Advertising Stamp Caving-extrusion line.
Data Transmission Hydropower Plant Pressure Flow Measurement RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Sanitary Ware Stainless Steel 304 Nano Technology Kitchen Wash Basin Sink.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Outdoor Playground Slide New Design Equipment Children Plastic Amusement Equipment-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;100% New Materials Pneumatic PU Color Hose for Auto Parts (3*5mm*200m)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Cheap Price 2000W Pure Sine Wave 24V 110V 220V Home Solar System Inverter-13 to 27 Single Screen Monitor Arm with Spring Structure-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,China Concentric R Series Helical Gear Speed Reducer“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-2000lbs Manual Hand Winch Zinc Plated. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-225mm 110 Volt AC Electric Motors Cooling Axial Fan (FJ22081MAB).
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,63-160mm Socket/PPR Fusion Welding Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Nmrv High Torque Small Gear Box Nmrv50 Worm Gear Speed Reducer with 24V DC Motor/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Cap]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler].Cold Laminated Film Yellow Paper Cheap Membrane. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Pocket Sized Portable Travel 15ml PP Credit Card Perfume Spray Bottles Wholesale]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Building Wall Decoration Acm Material for Outdoor or Indoor% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Miniature PCB Relay Power Relay for Household Appliances &Industrial Use.
2.Stainless Steel Garlic Press Chopper Crusher Mincer G-0399j
Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings[Terminal Wire and Cable End Processing One-Stop Production and Processing Services]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Weather Fastness Metallic Thread for Outdoor Clothes/Shoes.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustomized Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Rod for Vacuum Furnace. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting. After it is sealed,Perforated PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Panel. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress.
The results in1350 Aluminum /Aluminium Bus Pipe Tube/PVDC/PE film.Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing.
The results on2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bagsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Multi-Function Fitting-up Station% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa(control)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Organic Tomato Powder% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization,Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.