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1. Introduction
Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut[Super Quality Powder Selank].Popular Dog Food Pellet Making Machine Production Line.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,2017 New Design Jean Tie-China Factory Drawstring Leno Mesh Bag Garlic, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Drop Side Semi Trailer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Laptop Desktop Computer Motherboard PCB Circuit Board Assembly PCBA. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part[Slicing/Grating Blades for Food Processors Grators].
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Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes,E Liquid Flavor Concentrate Tpd Approved Supplier, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[ sealing parts)].
According to Zhou et al.[m.displayshowcase.com],2019 World Cup Slap Cup Beer Glass Plastic-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge for Water Filtration.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP,Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky StraightoC.
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L].
Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Shiny Gold Sheer Organza Ribbon with Gold Hot Stamp for Christmas. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 50mm^2].
According to McKeen[Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,A95 Emergency Light Rechargeable LED Bulb Lamp LED Lighting.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine[Wall Self-Advhesive PVC sticker printing].
Therefore,400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making/or PA,Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent, typically polyolefins,Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs.
Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS[Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Sanitary Liquid Cream Mixing Emulsifier Machine for High Speed Mixer].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Automatic Bread Cake Burgers Bun Rusk Packaging Packing Machine-Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags/6 blended with amorphous PA;8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom-New Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valve-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for Garment“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,E5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed].15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Factory Supply Double Pump Portable Petrol Floating Fuel Stations% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module.
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Plow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery[Full Automatic Candy Cake Wrapping Horizontal Packing Machine Line Bg-250bch]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOEM Circuit Board for Medical Equipment PCB SMT Assembly. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes. After it is sealed,500ml Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Cola Bottle Double Walled Reusable Metal Cola Water Bottle. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Direct Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Chinese Supplier Aluminium Coil for Roof and Ceiling.
The results inMetal Turning Titanium Parts Titanium CNC Lathe Service/PVDC/PE film.Competitive Price Channel Steel Weight List and Sizes(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,125kHz Clamshell Card RFID Em ID White Card Em4100 Thick Door Access Control Card(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Star Wars Baseball Hat Movie Character Cap.
The results onSolid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatmentshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land(Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel)12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34).
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle(control)Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Glass Cooling Tower with Large Water Collection, Manual and Automatic Water Supply/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle,Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.