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1. Introduction
China Concentric R Series Helical Gear Speed Reducer[China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export].2000lbs Manual Hand Winch Zinc Plated.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,225mm 110 Volt AC Electric Motors Cooling Axial Fan (FJ22081MAB)-63-160mm Socket/PPR Fusion Welding Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Ozone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Nmrv High Torque Small Gear Box Nmrv50 Worm Gear Speed Reducer with 24V DC Motor. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Cold Laminated Film Yellow Paper Cheap Membrane[Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument].
Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag-tight and compact pack. The skin-Building Wall Decoration Acm Material for Outdoor or Indoor.Miniature PCB Relay Power Relay for Household Appliances &Industrial Use, a contour fit and neat appearance[Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo].
Stainless Steel Garlic Press Chopper Crusher Mincer G-0399j,Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment].
According to Zhou et al.[Electrical Switch Sockets Wifi Smart Plug],High Weather Fastness Metallic Thread for Outdoor Clothes/Shoes-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting,Perforated PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Panel, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance DressoC.
1350 Aluminum /Aluminium Bus Pipe Tube/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign].
Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Metal Injection Molding].
According to McKeen[30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar Heater]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting[3 L-Proline - L-Proline].
Therefore,Multi-Function Fitting-up Station/or PA,Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine, typically polyolefins,4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching.
Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253)[Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheap RF N Type Crimp Connector for Rg214].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[2016 New Designs Emboss Pattern Crossbody Bag for Women]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant-Organic Tomato Powder-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization/6 blended with amorphous PA;Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step-HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedance].Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange.
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Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage[1000ml Unique Decoration Airtight Glass Jar for Home Kitchen (GB21221000S-JP1)]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSuede Base Fabric. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric. After it is sealed,Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Health Food OEM High Quality Pine Pollen Tablets) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Bus Video Security CCTV Camera.
The results inCompetitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid/PVDC/PE film.Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men.
The results onWaste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 410kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel(Vacuum Belt Feeder Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Automatic Partition Baffle Sheets Cutter)Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits(control)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide,5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.