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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization-Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Tri Vision Display Sign Billboard Board].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss[Medium and Heavy 6′′ American Iron Core Polyurethane Caster].
Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket-tight and compact pack. The skin-Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes.Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount, a contour fit and neat appearance[1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter].
Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery,Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[UL/FM Ductile Iron Grooved Pipe Fittings and Couplings]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric].
According to Zhou et al.[Extra Thick Yoga Mat],Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange,Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen StorageoC.
New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Stlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator].
Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook].
According to McKeen[Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Bus Video Security CCTV Camera.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film[Factory Price Feso4 7H2O Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate].
Therefore,2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip/or PA,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men, typically polyolefins,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine.
Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus[15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Hollow Steel Trapezoidal Internal Spline Thread Lead Screw Tr23X10 (p2.5)].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90-Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin/6 blended with amorphous PA;Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip-Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator].Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOzone Disinfector Ozone Cabinet for Sterilizing Clothes Shoes. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner. After it is sealed,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings.
The results in5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose/PVDC/PE film.20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag.
The results on260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inNew Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valveshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming(control)Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe,New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.