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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts-Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Foods That Contain Gluten].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin].
Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller-tight and compact pack. The skin-Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce.6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories, a contour fit and neat appearance[Customized Precision Injection POM Plastic Blow Mold for Car].
Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter].
According to Zhou et al.[High Quality Hexagon Pink Paper Gift Box with Silk Ribbon],17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler,Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVCoC.
Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ Injection Mold].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Coustom 13.56MHz Ntag213 RFID Card T5577 NFC Epoxy Tag RFID Card with Hole Punch].
High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[14 Quartz Diamond Saw Blade].
According to McKeen[Contracted Style Villa Used Small Home Passenger Elevator China Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers[www.nbhonghuan.com].
Therefore,Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness/or PA,5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes, typically polyolefins,Sew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick.
DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer[23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame-High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting/6 blended with amorphous PA;100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand-Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp].Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Laser Welded Circular Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Tool (JL-LWDB)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules.
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Direct Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box[Flower Printed Children Girl T-Shirt with Frill Lace From China Manufacturer]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onWireless Interactive Whiteboard for Business and School with Free Driver.. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. After it is sealed,20ml/30ml/Transparent Bottle Electroplating Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Cheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Bedding) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale.
The results inWPC Wall Panel Home Decorative Wood Board Outdoor Wall Panel/PVDC/PE film.Silicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl.
The results onIndustrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510). These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inDIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control Systemshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel(control)Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Gentleman Belt Vintage Cowhide Leather Belt Classical Formal Dress Men Belt. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Wholesale Best Classic Funky Fashion Customised Socks Men Cotton Ankle Socks% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hans Directly Sell Strong Plastic Bag Zipper/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Electrical Plastic PVC Cable Channeling Cable Duct/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%RFID UHF PCB Material Waterproof Anti Metal Tags,BHR Series Air Heat Exchanger, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.