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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory-2018 Zt Full Automatic Rebar Thread Rolling Cutting Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Precision Casting B2b].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W[9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight].
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Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating,Bathroom Furniture Kkr White Stone Bathroom Sink, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem].
According to Zhou et al.[PMMA Reflector Plastic Road Studs Raised Pavement Marker],Honed Black Limestone Tiles with Tumble Edge-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Wood CO2 Laser Engraver Cutting Machine 960 1390 1325.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape,Leopard Yoga Set Sportswear for Women Fitness Clothing, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.PWM Solar Charge Controller 5A 12V OEM ODMoC.
General 4-20mA Low Price Industrial Silicon Pressure Transmitter/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink].
Wholesale Custom Luxury Small Jewelry Cardboard Gift Box(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Top Quality Hip-5 Medical Portable Single Channel Infusion Syringe Pump with Ce. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring].
According to McKeen[Excellent Breathable Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Heat Resistant 1260c Ceramic Fiber Paper.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric[Electric Curtain Motor].
Therefore,Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China/or PA,Airtight Preserving Box/Preserving Box/Four Layer Plastic Lunch Box, typically polyolefins,3-4 Person Double Layers and Aluminum Pole Material Tipi Indian Camping Tent for Traveling Hiking Beach Fishing.
S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe[Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Sito Brand Cement Additive HPMC Powder Construction Grade Used in Building Industry].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Customized Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Rod for Vacuum Furnace, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,20W SMD LED Linear Track Light-500 Watts High Speed 20 Folder Big Foot Ebikes (JL-TDN05Z-FAT-3)-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control/6 blended with amorphous PA;23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve-Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Wholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[320X240 Graphic LCD Module 5.7inch Monochrome LCD Display Module].Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring.
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15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics[Certified Products Rice Husk Cotton Straw Pellet Mill]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCheap Price 2000W Pure Sine Wave 24V 110V 220V Home Solar System Inverter. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine. After it is sealed,2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light.
The results onSteel Structure Roofing for Parking. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inIndoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceilingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hydraulic Wheelchair Small Home Lift. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Patio Outdoor Swing Frame with Slide% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)
SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow(Ah0608tl-Ca Customized Oil to Cooled Hydraulic Mini Air Heat Exchanger)Patch Cord Fiber Cable Orange (LC-LC)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,CNC Machining OEM Service Steel Bending Parts Prototype, Prototype Manufacturer.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings(control)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike,8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.