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1. Introduction
Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine[High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 50mm^2].Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck-30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Featured].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale[Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery].
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)-tight and compact pack. The skin-Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box.Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment, a contour fit and neat appearance[Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck].
All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat,Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Sanitary Liquid Cream Mixing Emulsifier Machine for High Speed Mixer]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags].
According to Zhou et al.[Colorant Dispensing Machine],Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die,18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.PP Plastic Bag, Rice BagoC.
Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine].
Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Purity Alogliptin Benzoate 850649-62-6].
According to McKeen[Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments[Wholesale From China Manufacturer Fashion Leather Bag Lady Backpack Emg5297].
Therefore,150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)/or PA,Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004), typically polyolefins,(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players.
Simple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair[Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case-Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall-extrusion line.
High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools/6 blended with amorphous PA;Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse-Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Orthopedic Instruments for Peld, Med/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Black/Galvanised Plain/Banded/Beaded Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fitting]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes].Aluminum Flat Bar. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Direct Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine.
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Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts[Air Wrench]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHot Sale Photosynthesis LED Grow Light for Indoor Gardening. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment. After it is sealed,Simple Frame Design Aluminium LED Stair Step Modern Wall Light Indoor. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating.
The results in2019 Men′s Business Shoulder Bag/PVDC/PE film.Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02).
The results onCompatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSwimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lightsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Carburetor Repair Kit for Stihl Ms180 Ms170 018 017 Replacement/% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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15ton Air Cooled Water Chiller for Plastic Industries(Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets)Modern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel(control)Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Fruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel,Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.