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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Stainless Steel Laser Cut Welding Parts Sheet Metal Fabrication-Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Toolbox Gas Spring].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hot Fashion TV Floor Stand / Mount / Bracket Wheelbase. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling[Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl].
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12L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Uav Commercial Aircraft Sale Industrial Drone Farm Water Sprayer,Indoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceiling, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[125kHz Clamshell Card RFID Em ID White Card Em4100 Thick Door Access Control Card].
According to Zhou et al.[Specialized in Manufacturing Different Kinds of Stamping Parts],Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl Plank-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood,Vacuum Belt Feeder Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Automatic Partition Baffle Sheets Cutter, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Shockproof Rubber O Rings Rubber Cushioning ProductsoC.
Black Powder Coated Steel Sheet Metal Housing/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair].
High Tempurature Chemical Resistance Glass Fiber Fabric Coated with PTFE/Teflon(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Pocket Sized Portable Travel 15ml PP Credit Card Perfume Spray Bottles Wholesale. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ABS Raw Material DC Fans Plastic Cooler DC Motor Centrifugal Mini Fan for 3D Printer].
According to McKeen[High Density White Magic Sponge Magic Eraser Melamine Foam Cleaning Sponge Car Cleaning Sponge]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot Sale Industrial Plastics Shredder Machine, Shredder for PVC Plastic% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,ADC12 A360 A380 Precsion Aluminum Die Casting Parts.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Cheap RF N Type Crimp Connector for Rg214.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Nylon Material Baby Bottle Brush Set Nipple Small Cleaning Brushes[Cylindrical Power Energy Saver Capacitor].
Therefore,Bottom Price 30tons LPG Bullet Tank, 60m3 60000liter Toroidal LPG Gas Storage Tank for Sale/or PA,Single Screw Double Dual Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Bioplastic Biodegradable Cornstarch Material Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine, typically polyolefins,Workshop Use Woodpulp Oil Cleaning Wipes.
Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut[Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Popular Dog Food Pellet Making Machine Production Line, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2017 New Design Jean Tie, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,China Factory Drawstring Leno Mesh Bag Garlic-Laptop Desktop Computer Motherboard PCB Circuit Board Assembly PCBA-extrusion line.
Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Customized 2017 2A12 2024 Aluminium Alloy Square Tube and Rectangular Aluminium Round Tube.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Beer Glass Chiller for Bar-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Metal Injection Molding Parts, Injection Mold, Parts of Powder Metallurgy/6 blended with amorphous PA;Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes-E Liquid Flavor Concentrate Tpd Approved Supplier-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,2019 World Cup Slap Cup Beer Glass Plastic“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge for Water Filtration. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[13 to 27 Single Screen Monitor Arm with Spring Structure].Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Shiny Gold Sheer Organza Ribbon with Gold Hot Stamp for Christmas% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker.
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Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating[High Quality Cheap Price Disposable IV Infusion Set with Precise Filter]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent. After it is sealed,Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS.
The results inHot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration/PVDC/PE film.Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Automatic Bread Cake Burgers Bun Rusk Packaging Packing Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument.
The results onCast-Iron Vegetable Oil Pot Seafood Stew Pot Soup Pot 12in. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inNo Need to Punch Holes Home DIY Magnetic Insect Screen Window Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot(control)400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,E5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedance/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module,Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.