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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Perforated PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Panel-Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[BOPP Laminated Pouch for Rice].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,1350 Aluminum /Aluminium Bus Pipe Tube. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera[Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve].
Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid-tight and compact pack. The skin-Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing.2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc, a contour fit and neat appearance[Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm].
Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE,115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade].
According to Zhou et al.[Custom Tins Wholesale],Multi-Function Fitting-up Station-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching,Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel BowloC.
Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[13 to 27 Single Screen Monitor Arm with Spring Structure].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress].
3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Organic Tomato Powder. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes].
According to McKeen[Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization[64k Blank Smart Card Manufacturers Cheap Price].
Therefore,Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step/or PA,HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe, typically polyolefins,on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss.
Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket[New Design Air Scent Diffuser Machine for Essential Oil Decoration Fragrance Diffuser]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery-Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve-extrusion line.
Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage-New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Bus Video Security CCTV Camera/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Rack and Pinion for BMW X5 E53 (32136757753/32136761803/32136761823)].Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine.
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Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor[Hot Sale SMD Outdoor P10 LED Display Screen for Advertising (OF10)]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onPsa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel. After it is sealed,Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain.
The results inTrailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits/PVDC/PE film.PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital.
The results onSpice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inChildren Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bikeshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 45.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights(control)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.