Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film
LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window
1. Introduction
Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production[BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar].Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer-Anti Mosquito Net, Door/Window Screens Anti Insect Net Livestock Protection Anti Fly Mesh, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[chinacarmates.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Purity 99.5% High Quality Potassium Citrate with Bp98 Standard[Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W].
Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve-tight and compact pack. The skin-Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39).American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft Closed Hinge Glide, a contour fit and neat appearance[Bus Video Security CCTV Camera].
Fluorescent Transparent Acrylic Panel Acrylic Plastic 2mm to 10mm Glass Sheet,Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Rock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500)]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model].
According to Zhou et al.[Women Canvas Travel Bag],Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm, Car Accessories Auto-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Casting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Parts.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Vertical Wind Pellet Cooler Wood/Feed Pellet Cooling System,Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall TileoC.
Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood].
AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Sinotruk 6*4 371HP Head Truck 420HP HOWO 4*2 Tractor Truck. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid].
According to McKeen[Silk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serum]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Lab Scale Re-Circulating Evaporator Chiller and Vacuum Pump% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,OEM Electrical Wire Harness.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe[Lodestar Hoist Dahan Working Speed 33m/Minute].
Therefore,Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel/or PA,Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7, typically polyolefins,LED Luminaire Stadium Sports Court Lights Flood Lighting with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries[Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price, Big Zipper for Garments, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Nmrv High Torque Small Gear Box Nmrv50 Worm Gear Speed Reducer with 24V DC Motor]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger-Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine-extrusion line.
Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock].Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Synthetic Lawn for Playground]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.PP Plastic Bag, Rice Bag.
2.Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes
Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making[Air Suspension]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onBnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment. After it is sealed,Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (General 4-20mA Low Price Industrial Silicon Pressure Transmitter) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments.
The results in150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)/PVDC/PE film.Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Simple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair.
The results onmilitary IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inA95 Emergency Light Rechargeable LED Bulb Lamp LED Lightingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE
Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat(Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors)High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse(control)House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe.
In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Orthopedic Instruments for Peld, Med,Aluminum Flat Bar, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.