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1. Introduction
Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing[Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting].2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE-115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cast Iron Material Water Pump].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Multi-Function Fitting-up Station. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine[Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes].
4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching-tight and compact pack. The skin-Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253).Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl, a contour fit and neat appearance[Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp].
Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating].
According to Zhou et al.[3D LED Motif Outdoor Lighted Star Christmas Shopping Mall Decorations Light],Organic Tomato Powder-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold,Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with PersonalizationoC.
Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket].
HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester].
According to McKeen[PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery[Oil Sludge Recycling Equipment].
Therefore,Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve/or PA,Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine, typically polyolefins,Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children.
Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange[Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ Silver].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate-Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom-extrusion line.
Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Bus Video Security CCTV Camera-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid/6 blended with amorphous PA;Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film-2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts].Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Medical Diagnostic Psa Tumor Test Kits]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain.
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PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin[Customized Machinery Parts]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFactory Full Automatic Digital Arm a Blood Pressure Monitor. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar. After it is sealed,Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide.
The results in5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector/PVDC/PE film.Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture.
The results onUs Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCasting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Partsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide(Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments)10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings(control)Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set,New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.