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1. Introduction
58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb[55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem].High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,IP65 LED Bulkhead/Wall/Ceiling Light Fitting with Ce SAA UL-Silicone Rubber Wire and Cable Extrusion/Extruder/Extruding Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Bra Back Extender].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Durable Rubber Car Parking Bumper Buffer Block for Security (RB04). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products[PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin].
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According to Zhou et al.[300w Led High Bay Light Suppliers for Sale],100% Polyester Material and Flocked Pattern Sofa Fabric-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.OEM Customized Stainless Steel Parts by Deep Drawing,New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Creative Gift Emerald Anniversary Wedding Jewelry Luxury Hair Ornaments Bridal CrownoC.
U. S. Type Clevis Grab Hook/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Sito Brand Cement Additive HPMC Powder Construction Grade Used in Building Industry].
Disposable Take out Food to-Go Containers/Soup Containers, Eco Friendly Kraft, Deli Food Storage with Airtight Lids, Stackable Pails 50 Packs for Restaurant(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Seaweed Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries].
According to McKeen[IoT Battery Powered Wireless Pressure Flow Level Monitoring RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Precision Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Automobile Parts% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine[600*600 K600M683CY Matte Floor Tiles Are Widely Used in Indoor and Outdoor Multi Functional Ceramic Tiles].
Therefore,Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer/or PA,Hot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head, typically polyolefins,18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction.
Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment[UV Laser Qr Code Marking System]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Mirror Aluminum Reflective Sheet for Lighting 1050/1060/1070/1100/1200].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant with Standard Solution Liquid-Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric-extrusion line.
Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader/6 blended with amorphous PA;Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights Speaker-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-T90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears].Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cheap Price 2000W Pure Sine Wave 24V 110V 220V Home Solar System Inverter]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Sweetener Food Processing Polyester Material Press Filter Fabric% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor.
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Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck[I Phone 7 Plus Case]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onMultifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Purity with Good Quality Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2). After it is sealed,Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Ghl-250 Rapid Mixer Granulator) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
The results inClear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses/PVDC/PE film.Highest Speed Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Bagger(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Xaja China Manufacturer 2jz-Gte Trailer Auto Wire Harness.
The results onSpiral Steel Belt Protective Cover with Telescopic Spring Cover. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truckshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4720p 360 Degree Home Security Network WiFi IP Camera% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Buried Blind Via Pierced PCB, High Frequency Circuit Board(Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set)High Power Industrial 2400lm 30W LED Work Light for Workshop(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)MSDS Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Sapp(control)High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,UV Laser Qr Code Marking System. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Quality Buliding Wire Cables% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding,Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.