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1. Introduction
Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans[Wholesale Big Capacity 3000ml Dark Green Glass Champagne Bottle].Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe-New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Light Stringers].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle[Dh48s-S 0.1s-99h Outlet Timer 24 Hour Digital Remote Timer Switch].
1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter-tight and compact pack. The skin-1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco.Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy, a contour fit and neat appearance[Foska Half Strip Plastic Stapler with Good Quality].
Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils,Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[ White Powder].
According to Zhou et al.[Silicone Cake Mold Sinle Cupcake DIY],2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)High Quality Paper Making Dryer Felt of Paper Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck,Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and CoiloC.
Drop in Anchor Metric Expansion Carbon Steel Bolt/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package].
Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Crystal Leaf Headdress Bride Hand-Woven Flower Hair Band Hair Clip. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Customized Metal Material Products for Punching Stamping Part].
According to McKeen[Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Class A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Board.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Solid Wood Hampton Inn Hotel Furniture for Guest Bed Room.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)RFID Smart Card Sle5542 Sle4442 Sle4428 Contact Blank PVC IC Card with Hico Magnetic Stripe[Glass Fibre Sleeving Treated with Silicone Flame Guard Insulation].
Therefore,Disposable Nitrile Gloves for Tatto Beauty Salon Blue/Purple/Pink/Black Color/or PA,Hot Sale Medical Diagnostic Psa Tumor Test Kits, typically polyolefins,750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry.
Light Wireless Programmable Silicone Wristband Remote Controlled LED Bracelet[ADC12 A360 A380 Precsion Aluminum Die Casting Parts]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Density White Magic Sponge Magic Eraser Melamine Foam Cleaning Sponge Car Cleaning Sponge, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Outdoor Sports Kids Bicycle Seat for Boys / Factory Price Children Bicycle / 12 16 20 Children Bike with Training Wheels, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Aluminum Flat Bar]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,China Electronic Fly Killer Mosquito Killer Trap Lamp Manufacturers-Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine-extrusion line.
Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Excellent Breathable Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Power Steering Rack and Pinion for BMW X5 E53 (32136757753/32136761803/32136761823)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Industry Aluminium Alloy Profile Aluminum Profile for CNC Table-Custom Manufacture Universal High Temp Standard Silicone Rubber O-Ring-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Complete Fertilizer Pellet Production Line“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Integrity Test. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Fixtec Hand Tool CRV 6′′ Combination Pliers Cutting Pliers.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sale Excellent Corrosion Resistance Galvanized Welded Wire Fence Mesh Panel for Building 50*100mm/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Sodium Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Acid Dermal Filler 2.0ml Deep/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1291].Sheahwa Hbxg Dozer Parts (SD7 T140 TY165). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine with SGS/Ce Approval(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Alloy 8011 Pharmaceutical Ptp Aluminum Foil% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Dapeng Ylp-20 Metal Laser Marking Machine Multi-Use for Many Material.
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Fully Automatic Dust Face Mask Making Machine with Ultrasonic[Pet Bottle Mineral Drinking Water Filling Machine Complete Line]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Purity Alogliptin Benzoate 850649-62-6.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings. After it is sealed,2018 China Recycled Grey Polyester Mattress Pad. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,TTR Plain Structure Polyester Rayon Spandex Fabric 208GSM.
The results inEmpty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing/PVDC/PE film.Sanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Dh48s-S 0.1s-99h Outlet Timer 24 Hour Digital Remote Timer Switch(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet.
The results onBest Quality for Stretch Film Jumbo Roll. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Hydraulic Cylinder Repair Kits 4369893p Boom Seal Kit for Excavator Ex150(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inGalvanized Products Steel Bridge Gratingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hr Coil Steel Aluminium Zinc Coil Manufacturer Stainless Steel Coil. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Slicing/Grating Blades for Food Processors Grators% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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225*38mm Scaffolding Deck Galvanized Steel Walking Board Metal Plank for Scaffold(Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe)Hydrafacial Water Cleaning Skin Peel Facial Beauty Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Home Furniture Memory Foam Mattress Europe Top Pocket Spring Mattress.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Black/Galvanised Plain/Banded/Beaded Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fitting(control)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Custom Metal Injection Molding. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%UL/FM Ductile Iron Grooved Pipe Fittings and Couplings% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Railway Interior Seating Car for Coach/Lrt/Metro/Emu/Subway/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
New Design Air Scent Diffuser Machine for Essential Oil Decoration Fragrance Diffuser/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Malaysia Mashed Potato Puree Paste Grind Tomato Paste Making Machine (TS-S68),High Voltage 1-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 50mm^2, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.