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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,H Beam Steel Frame for Steel House Prefabricated House Steel Structure House-Health Food OEM High Quality Pine Pollen Tablets, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Child Play Centre Plastic Swing and Slide Indoor Playground (YL-HT037)].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules].
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Ningbo Plastic Molding Manufacturer,Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils].
According to Zhou et al.[Best Plastic Mould Design of Plastic Mould Part From China],High Performance Rapid Roller Shutter (HF-0044)-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Aluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump,33kv Distribution Line Automatic Step Voltage Regulator, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand ToolsoC.
GJXFH Outdor Drop Cable 2 Core Fig 8 Type Patch Cord Optical Fiber Cable/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Miniature PCB Relay Power Relay for Household Appliances &Industrial Use].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl].
2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Automatic Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin].
According to McKeen[Customized Precision Injection POM Plastic Blow Mold for Car]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.12mm Particle Board Coating Melamine Paper for Malemine Plywood% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,M4 Liquid Booster Pump Various Good Quality.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/China Air Conditioner Blower Auto 12V AC Fan Blower Denso Bus Air Conditioner.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress[Bamboo Tablet Stand Laptop Rack Bt-2212].
Therefore,Non-Standard Custom Injection Molding Plastic Parts/or PA,High Quality 7/16 DIN Male RF Connector for 1/2 Coaxial Cable, typically polyolefins,Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet.
2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes[Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[ Injection Mold]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ozone Disinfector Ozone Cabinet for Sterilizing Clothes Shoes-Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Top Quality Multi-Wall Hollow Sheet& Sun Sheet-Hst-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Plastic Industrial Sectional Garage Door Handle/PVC Handle/6 blended with amorphous PA;2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Cap-Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Wholesale Big Capacity 3000ml Dark Green Glass Champagne Bottle“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Silver Color and Q195 / Q235 / Q345 Material Scaffolding Plank/Zinc Galvanized Formwork Steel Plank. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings].Wave Spring (Sealing Material, sealing parts). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,55% Gl Al-Zn Az30 Dx51d+Az Aluzinc Steel Coil.
The results inStainless Steel Laser Cut Welding Parts Sheet Metal Fabrication/PVDC/PE film.Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hot Fashion TV Floor Stand / Mount / Bracket Wheelbase(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling.
The results onFood Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Beddingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Pn6.3 8 10 16 3 4 5 Inch Water Supply Pipe and Plumbing Conduits Fittings Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes for Potable Cold Water Supplies China. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 412L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Uav Commercial Aircraft Sale Industrial Drone Farm Water Sprayer% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl Plank(Plow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery)Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Vacuum Belt Feeder Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Automatic Partition Baffle Sheets Cutter(control)001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Shockproof Rubber O Rings Rubber Cushioning Products. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Black Powder Coated Steel Sheet Metal Housing% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Tempurature Chemical Resistance Glass Fiber Fabric Coated with PTFE/Teflon/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%ADC12 A360 A380 Precsion Aluminum Die Casting Parts,Cheap RF N Type Crimp Connector for Rg214, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.