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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Compatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose-RF 3 PC Pneumatic Ball Valve with Control Head, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[High Conductive 50% Acetylene Black].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Carburetor Repair Kit for Stihl Ms180 Ms170 018 017 Replacement/[Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s].
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Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76,Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Eco Dust Proof Cement Clinker Port Hopper].
According to Zhou et al.[Giant Trio Lane Flag Style Slide for Event Sports],3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan,Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603AoC.
Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Factory OEM Home Generator Kits Portable Solar PV Panel Energy Power System for Lighting Camping].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Hydraulic Wheelchair Small Home Lift].
Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom].
According to McKeen[Agriculture Cultivator Springs Double Spring Tines 3.5-12mm]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)DIN ASME ANSI Standard Cast Iron Dual Plated Check Valve with Spring[www.realtopmachinery.com].
Therefore,Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)/or PA,Antistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machine, typically polyolefins,Stainless Steel Sheet 304 316 316L 321 310S.
Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve[Two Strands Black Binding Wire]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Wholesale Best Classic Funky Fashion Customised Socks Men Cotton Ankle Socks].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Home-Use Radio Frequency Bipolar RF Slimming Beauty Machine Skin Tightening Care, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine-Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS-extrusion line.
Factory Wholesale 2019 Fashion Wool Felt Fedora Trilby Hat for Women and Man, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/ESD Top Fit Black Latex Palm Coated Anti Static Work Gloves Ce Approved.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Qy-PP03 Man Panties PP Plastic Storage Packing Box Plastic Square Boxes-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections/6 blended with amorphous PA;6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp-Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality PU/Rock Wool MGO Sandwich Panel for Clean Room“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Suede Base Fabric, Synthetic Leather, Microfiber PVC Leather. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Brushed Anti Brass Bags/Handbags Dog Hook New Design.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Welded Carbon Steel Pipe for Transportation (CZ-RP67)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[FUJI 10 Persons Minimalist Passenger Elevator Lift].Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,19 Inch U. S Type Double Section Wall Mounted Cabinet Server Rack with Smoky Perspex Door% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Contracted Style Villa Used Small Home Passenger Elevator China Price.
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High Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1[Aluminium Foil Single Side Woven]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.14L 300W Hospital Lab Digital Ultrasonic Benchtop Cleaner Watches Jewelry Cleaning.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Electric Hot Hair Curlers Rollers 3 Size 20 PCS Fuzzy Curling Barrel. After it is sealed,Agriculture Cultivator Springs Double Spring Tines 3.5-12mm. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,1325 Unloading System 3D Engraving CNC Router.
The results inNellcor non-oximax neonate 7pin disposable sensor, cream/PVDC/PE film.Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Corrugated Board Printing Slotting and Die Cutting Machine.
The results onTie Rod Ball. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Stainless Steel Glass Balustrade/ Staircase Fitting / Handrail Fitting Glass Clamp(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inColorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Lightshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Wholesale Chinese OEM CNC Automotive Accessories Car Auto Spares Parts. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Js-0039 Professional Wood Cutting Machine Petrol Chain Saw% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Premade Bag Powder Filling Machine (XFG-F)
Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet(Zirconium Dioxide Material Zro2 Granules for Optical Coating)Spc Vinyl Stone Plastic Composite Flooring Plank Extruder Making Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)2*SFP+8*Tx Full Giga 8 Port Poe Network Switch with 2 Giga SFP Uplink (TS1008GESC)(control)Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Zirconium Dioxide Material Zro2 Granules for Optical Coating% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Ghl-250 Rapid Mixer Granulator/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%HD-2 Hospital Furniture ABS Bedside Locker,Large Capacity Big Bulk Powder or Particles Fertilizer Mixer, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.