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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes-Customized Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Rod for Vacuum Furnace, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Face Massager Device].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,20W SMD LED Linear Track Light. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,500 Watts High Speed 20 Folder Big Foot Ebikes (JL-TDN05Z-FAT-3)[IoT Battery Powered Wireless Pressure Flow Level Monitoring RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006].
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According to Zhou et al.[asiamzsteel.com],Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Wholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China,Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888oC.
Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[320X240 Graphic LCD Module 5.7inch Monochrome LCD Display Module].
Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover].
According to McKeen[Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic Bags.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics[China Primary Dragon Skeleton Filter(G3/G4)].
Therefore,5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch/or PA,7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent, typically polyolefins,Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine.
2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women[Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.SMT Wave Soldering Process for Printed Circuit Board Assembly, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Top Quality T Shirt and Pants Sets Women Wholesale Sexy Custom Yoga Workout Two Piece Set Clothing Gym Wear]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China-High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ceramic Foam Filter Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Alumina Honeycomb Filter-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Hydraulic Wheelchair Small Home Lift/6 blended with amorphous PA;Patio Outdoor Swing Frame with Slide-Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Patch Cord Fiber Cable Orange (LC-LC). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-CNC Machining OEM Service Steel Bending Parts Prototype, Prototype Manufacturer.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet].Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Ghl-250 Rapid Mixer Granulator]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears.
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8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain[Baby Long Sleeve Dress]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAh0608tl-Ca Customized Oil to Cooled Hydraulic Mini Air Heat Exchanger. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt.
The results in4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer/PVDC/PE film.Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling.
The results onNatural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCustomized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building(control)500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.