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1. Introduction
Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer[Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)].2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Decorative String Lights].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand[From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die].
RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale-tight and compact pack. The skin-Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set.Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018].
Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care].
According to Zhou et al.[Australia Heavy Duty Extension Cord],Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)MPET Film for Packing and Insulation.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles,180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25oC.
Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Durable Rubber Car Parking Bumper Buffer Block for Security (RB04)].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film].
One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop].
According to McKeen[Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06).04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts[Reusable Blue Cleanroom ESD PE Lint Sticky Roller].
Therefore,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set/or PA,Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL, typically polyolefins,White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar.
Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks[Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss-Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part-extrusion line.
High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park-Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Free-Maintenance Motor Design White Light PTZ Security Cameras].Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Single Screw Double Dual Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Bioplastic Biodegradable Cornstarch Material Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Hotselling Zink Alloy Die Casting Shoe Buckles, Slipper Shoe Accessories% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard.
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Wood Sawdust Pellet Cooler with Screen Mill[100% Bamboo/Virgin Pulp Toilet Paper Tissue Jumbo Roll Wholesale Paper]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onExterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. After it is sealed,Wide Mouth Mason Pet Jar with Colored Plastic Screw Lids. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Machinery Brace Stamping Metal Frame.
The results inGrinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant/PVDC/PE film.415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver.
The results onFull Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Standshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Polyester / Pet (Mylar) Film on Rolls in Milky Color% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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12V DC worm gear brushless motor for medical equipment(King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs)Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine(control)0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hollow Steel Trapezoidal Internal Spline Thread Lead Screw Tr23X10 (p2.5). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Wireless Interactive Whiteboard for Business and School with Free Driver.% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Ce & FDA Approved Office Used Tooth Bleaching Whitening Kit,Dual Lens FHD1080p with Sony Imx323 WiFi GPS Car DVR Recorder 170 Degree View Dash Camera, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.