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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Club Car Lead Acid Battery Charger Bx Series with High Quality-Wholesale 2018 Top Design Women Fashion Jewelry Accessories Fashion Wedding Tassel Earrings, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Good Price and High Quality Vegetable Growing Greenhouse From China Manufacturer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Sludge Treatment Recycle Water Treatment Dewatering Machine Price[Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE].
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Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window].
According to Zhou et al.[Cognac Vsop],China 5X5, 6X6 Gazebo Tent for Sale-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Custom Made Die Castingzinc Alloy for Industrial Accessory.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Ningbo Plastic Molding Manufacturer,Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Performance Rapid Roller Shutter (HF-0044)oC.
Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Glow Pigment for Painting].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Hot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head].
Aluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)33kv Distribution Line Automatic Step Voltage Regulator. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete].
According to McKeen[Wood CO2 Laser Engraver Cutting Machine 960 1390 1325]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,GJXFH Outdor Drop Cable 2 Core Fig 8 Type Patch Cord Optical Fiber Cable.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Automatic Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine[Cold Steel Keel Machine].
Therefore,12mm Particle Board Coating Melamine Paper for Malemine Plywood/or PA,M4 Liquid Booster Pump Various Good Quality, typically polyolefins,China Air Conditioner Blower Auto 12V AC Fan Blower Denso Bus Air Conditioner.
White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress[Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[PWM Solar Charge Controller 5A 12V OEM ODM].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Non-Standard Custom Injection Molding Plastic Parts, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Quality 7/16 DIN Male RF Connector for 1/2 Coaxial Cable, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet-2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes-extrusion line.
Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ozone Disinfector Ozone Cabinet for Sterilizing Clothes Shoes-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Customized Metal Material Products for Punching Stamping Part-ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Top Quality Multi-Wall Hollow Sheet& Sun Sheet-Hst“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Plastic Industrial Sectional Garage Door Handle/PVC Handle. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Cap.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[100% Polyester Material and Flocked Pattern Sofa Fabric].Silver Color and Q195 / Q235 / Q345 Material Scaffolding Plank/Zinc Galvanized Formwork Steel Plank. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Plain Wallpaper Deep Embossed Heavy Single Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacturer in China.
2.Wave Spring (Sealing Material, sealing parts)
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on SMD LED Soldering Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Plastic PVC Coated Metal Pipe Extrusion Production Line. After it is sealed,Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete.
The results in001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin/PVDC/PE film.Detergent Grade 94% Powder Price STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Soap(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Ronbos High Quality Iridium Spark Plug for Ford Engine Cars(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,55% Gl Al-Zn Az30 Dx51d+Az Aluzinc Steel Coil.
The results onStainless Steel Laser Cut Welding Parts Sheet Metal Fabrication. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCe & FDA Approved Office Used Tooth Bleaching Whitening Kitshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hot Fashion TV Floor Stand / Mount / Bracket Wheelbase. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Food Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Indoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceiling(control)Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl Plank. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Vacuum Belt Feeder Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Automatic Partition Baffle Sheets Cutter/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Black Powder Coated Steel Sheet Metal Housing,High Tempurature Chemical Resistance Glass Fiber Fabric Coated with PTFE/Teflon, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.