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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman-Heat Resistant 1260c Ceramic Fiber Paper, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[N Type Dummy Silicon Wafer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric[Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands].
Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China-tight and compact pack. The skin-Airtight Preserving Box/Preserving Box/Four Layer Plastic Lunch Box.3-4 Person Double Layers and Aluminum Pole Material Tipi Indian Camping Tent for Traveling Hiking Beach Fishing, a contour fit and neat appearance[ Wedding].
S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid].
According to Zhou et al.[China Industrial Filter],Customized Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Rod for Vacuum Furnace-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)20W SMD LED Linear Track Light.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.500 Watts High Speed 20 Folder Big Foot Ebikes (JL-TDN05Z-FAT-3),Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel CapsulesoC.
Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price].
125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ Slipper Shoe Accessories].
According to McKeen[Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire[Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheels].
Therefore,Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888/or PA,Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester, typically polyolefins,Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House.
Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire[Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Multifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminum]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic Bags-15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women/6 blended with amorphous PA;202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil-SMT Wave Soldering Process for Printed Circuit Board Assembly-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Steel Structure Roofing for Parking/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Ceramic Foam Filter Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Alumina Honeycomb Filter/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013)]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine].Hydraulic Wheelchair Small Home Lift. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow.
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CNC Machining OEM Service Steel Bending Parts Prototype, Prototype Manufacturer[Flying Car]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onLeopard Yoga Set Sportswear for Women Fitness Clothing. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1). After it is sealed,Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve.
The results in100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears/PVDC/PE film.Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe.
The results on500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garmentshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes(control)ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball,New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.