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1. Introduction
Stainless Steel Garlic Press Chopper Crusher Mincer G-0399j[Two Strands Black Binding Wire].Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Weather Fastness Metallic Thread for Outdoor Clothes/Shoes-Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Dispenser Mist Sprayer Factory Direct Aluminum Spryer 20/410 24/410 28/410].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Perforated PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Panel[Wholesale Best Classic Funky Fashion Customised Socks Men Cotton Ankle Socks].
Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress-tight and compact pack. The skin-1350 Aluminum /Aluminium Bus Pipe Tube.Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera, a contour fit and neat appearance[Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire].
Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid,Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ESD Top Fit Black Latex Palm Coated Anti Static Work Gloves Ce Approved]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Yvonne Hair Wholesale Remy Peruvian Human Hair Weave].
According to Zhou et al.[CO2 Laser Type on The Fly Laser Marking System Machine],2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting,Multi-Function Fitting-up Station, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing MachineoC.
4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses].
Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Quality Buliding Wire Cables].
According to McKeen[FUJI 10 Persons Minimalist Passenger Elevator Lift]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Organic Tomato Powder.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame[discount pv cable].
Therefore,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold/or PA,Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype, typically polyolefins,RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization.
Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step[Non-Standard Custom Injection Molding Plastic Parts]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket-Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children-Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light].Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Bus Video Security CCTV Camera(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film.
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Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men[Asian Metal Standing Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onColorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor. After it is sealed,10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90.
The results inCompressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel/PVDC/PE film.Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits.
The results onPC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHighest Speed Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Baggershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide(Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76)5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale(control)Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting,Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.