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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant-Organic Tomato Powder, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[ASTM 304 304L Stainless Steel Sheet with Best Prices and High Quality].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold[Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Integrity Test].
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HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe,on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Graphite Ring Good Lubrication].
According to Zhou et al.[Kids Rechargeable Battery Remote Control Car Ride on],Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount,Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check ValveoC.
Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Bathroom Furniture Kkr White Stone Bathroom Sink].
Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for Garment].
According to McKeen[Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom[Oem/Odm Boiler Casserole].
Therefore,Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric/or PA,Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material, typically polyolefins,Bus Video Security CCTV Camera.
Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid[From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men-Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine-extrusion line.
Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90/6 blended with amorphous PA;Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel-Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe].Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector.
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Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale[049 Oled High Quality Supplier]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. After it is sealed,High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum.
The results inGalvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting/PVDC/PE film.Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug.
The results onQuick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inTop Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Toolsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh(control)Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds,Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.