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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool-MPET Film for Packing and Insulation, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Office Stationery Sticky Notes Pad Sticker Bookmark Post-It Memo].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V)[Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts].
Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25-tight and compact pack. The skin-Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price.One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube, a contour fit and neat appearance[Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance].
Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Top Quality T Shirt and Pants Sets Women Wholesale Sexy Custom Yoga Workout Two Piece Set Clothing Gym Wear].
According to Zhou et al.[A700 Mitsubishi Inverter],Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with ULoC.
White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Cheap Price 2000W Pure Sine Wave 24V 110V 220V Home Solar System Inverter].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[M4 Liquid Booster Pump Various Good Quality].
Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Simple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair].
According to McKeen[Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket[Delivery In Xiamen].
Therefore,Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval/or PA,CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale, typically polyolefins,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.
High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park[Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover-2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches-extrusion line.
2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;OEM Custom Challenge Coin Metal Medal Medallion Soft Enamel Zinc Alloy Military Gold Sport Running Award Souvenir Medallion for Event/6 blended with amorphous PA;Hotselling Zink Alloy Die Casting Shoe Buckles, Slipper Shoe Accessories-Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Screwed Connection Flexible Double Sphere Rubber Expansion Joint with Union“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wood Sawdust Pellet Cooler with Screen Mill. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[DIN ASME ANSI Standard Cast Iron Dual Plated Check Valve with Spring]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017].Wide Mouth Mason Pet Jar with Colored Plastic Screw Lids. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ Chademo]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry.
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Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver[Commercial Bakery Equipment High Temperature Double Deck Electric Pizza Oven]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on Plastic or Glass Material. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler. After it is sealed,Polyester / Pet (Mylar) Film on Rolls in Milky Color. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Inflatable Boat with Outboard Engine Fishing Boat Fold Boat.
The results in12V DC worm gear brushless motor for medical equipment/PVDC/PE film.Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine.
The results onHollow Steel Trapezoidal Internal Spline Thread Lead Screw Tr23X10 (p2.5). These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inPlain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furnitureshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210). The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4LED 60W All in One Solar Street Light with Good Price% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Ce & FDA Approved Office Used Tooth Bleaching Whitening Kit(Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products)Dual Lens FHD1080p with Sony Imx323 WiFi GPS Car DVR Recorder 170 Degree View Dash Camera(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Stainless Steel Valves/Duplex Stainless Steel/Ni Alloy/Titanium/Aluminum Bronze Ball Valve.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Economy Quality Injection Plastic Molding Machine Mould(control)Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Clear Glass Ampoules for Pharmaceutical Packing. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Aluminum 40 Touch Screen Frame for TV/Screen/LED Touch Screen/LCD% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,OEM Circuit Board for Medical Equipment PCB SMT Assembly/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Eswt Shockwave Physiotherapy Pain Relief ED Therapy Equipment with Ce/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%1 Ton/Hour Bio Organic Fertilizer Granule Making Pellet Machine,Outdoor Solar G40 LED String Light for Parties, Wedding, Garden, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.