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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material-Bus Video Security CCTV Camera, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.liqifastener.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film[TTR Plain Structure Polyester Rayon Spandex Fabric 208GSM].
2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip-tight and compact pack. The skin-Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men.Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[12L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Uav Commercial Aircraft Sale Industrial Drone Farm Water Sprayer].
Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Electric Hot Hair Curlers Rollers 3 Size 20 PCS Fuzzy Curling Barrel].
According to Zhou et al.[Car Triangle Warning Sign],10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel,Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature FountainoC.
Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle].
PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts].
According to McKeen[Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Glue Dispenser Robot with Xyz Axis for Automated Assembly Line].
Therefore,5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector/or PA,Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket, typically polyolefins,Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale.
Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture[Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[100% New Materials Pneumatic PU Color Hose for Auto Parts (3*5mm*200m)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use-Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum-extrusion line.
Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug/6 blended with amorphous PA;Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings-5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws].New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply.
2.Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator
Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard[Cee Socket]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details. After it is sealed,EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Building Wall Decoration Acm Material for Outdoor or Indoor) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans.
The results inAutomatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line/PVDC/PE film.High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel.
The results onStainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPSshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils
Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle(Art Paper A5 Cheap Leaflet Printing)2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Quality Paper Making Dryer Felt of Paper Machine.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck(control)Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Drop in Anchor Metric Expansion Carbon Steel Bolt/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack,Class A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Board, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.