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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel-Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Single Phase 300mm Floor Edge Grinder for Edge Grinding and Polishing].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits[Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price].
PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin-tight and compact pack. The skin-Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip.Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital, a contour fit and neat appearance[G80 Self Colored Safety Latch Clevis Slip Hook Hardware Rigging].
Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar,Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment].
According to Zhou et al.[Electrical Switch Socket For Home],Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket,Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa FurnitureoC.
Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510)].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Customized Metal Tin Lunch Box with Handle and Clasp].
Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bcm-1000 Type Biological Clean Bench].
According to McKeen[PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner[China Back And Neck Pain Relief].
Therefore,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug/or PA,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings, typically polyolefins,5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose.
20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle[Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Purity 99% Hyaluronic Acid CAS No. 9004-61-9 with Best Price].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System-100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply/6 blended with amorphous PA;Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator-Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman].Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel.
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1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter[Customized High Pressure 6 Inch Layflat Hose / Pipe for Farm Irrigation]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on Manual and Automatic Water Supply. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils. After it is sealed,Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (1310 Mini Optical Transmitter CATV Transmitter) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials.
The results inHigh Quality Paper Making Dryer Felt of Paper Machine/PVDC/PE film.Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil.
The results onDrop in Anchor Metric Expansion Carbon Steel Bolt. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottleshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Crystal Leaf Headdress Bride Hand-Woven Flower Hair Band Hair Clip. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 495cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Sale Medical Diagnostic Psa Tumor Test Kits(control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Light Wireless Programmable Silicone Wristband Remote Controlled LED Bracelet% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Density White Magic Sponge Magic Eraser Melamine Foam Cleaning Sponge Car Cleaning Sponge/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Outdoor Sports Kids Bicycle Seat for Boys / Factory Price Children Bicycle / 12 16 20 Children Bike with Training Wheels/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine,Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.