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1. Introduction
1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture[4000psi Stainless ISO7241A Quick Coupling].Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Customized S′well Traveler Cup-Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Toolbox Gas Spring].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Super Quality Powder Selank. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Customizable Digital Temperature Controller[Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine].
Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale-tight and compact pack. The skin-Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin.Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800, a contour fit and neat appearance[3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment].
High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire,2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price].
According to Zhou et al.[Specialized in Manufacturing Different Kinds of Stamping Parts],Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging,Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning ClothoC.
Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)].
Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set].
According to McKeen[Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine[Cylindrical Power Energy Saver Capacitor].
Therefore,Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler/or PA,Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors, typically polyolefins,OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC.
Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light[Ozone Generator for Vegetable Pesticide Residue Removal]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder-extrusion line.
35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes/6 blended with amorphous PA;Sew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick-DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[G80 Self Colored Safety Latch Clevis Slip Hook Hardware Rigging]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment].Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Customized Metal Tin Lunch Box with Handle and Clasp]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand.
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Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric[High Quality Cheap Price Disposable IV Infusion Set with Precise Filter]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Purity 99% Hyaluronic Acid CAS No. 9004-61-9 with Best Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall. After it is sealed,Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder.
The results inWholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands/PVDC/PE film.Laser Welded Circular Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Tool (JL-LWDB)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Air Freight Cargo from China to Russia Ufa reliable Low Rates Logistics Shipping include Tax Door to Door.
The results onDirect Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale(2018 Printed Circuit Board Professional PCB Assembly Manufacturer)WPC Wall Panel Home Decorative Wood Board Outdoor Wall Panel(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Silicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25).
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor(control)N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Stainless Steel Punch-Free Dish Rack, Wall-Mounted Wall Drain Tray Rack, Drying Bowl and Dish Storage Rack/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test.
In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%En10305-4 E235 6.35*2.3mm Cold Drawn Seamless Steel Fuel Pipe Used for Gasoline Injection Tubes of Automobile,5 Inch Galvanized Iron Pipe Hot DIP Galvanized Tube Cold Rolled Steel Tube, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.