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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer-Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Sme B16.9 Carbon Steel A234 Butt Welding A234 Wpb 2′′ Pipe Fittings for Connect Sch80 90 Degree Elbow].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling[High Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1].
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According to Zhou et al.[Astm 193 B7 Stud Bolt And 194 2h Nut Factory OEM/ODM Products],Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam MakeroC.
China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253)].
Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl Plank].
According to McKeen[High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market[Ozone Water Technology Fruit & Vegetable Washer].
Therefore,Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts/or PA,Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality, typically polyolefins,3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent.
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo[Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine-SUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners)-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Pump Body Part by Casting-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price/6 blended with amorphous PA;Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker-5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ Wedding].China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line.
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Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool[Porous Ceramic Reference Electrode Mandrel for Experimental Test]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onIndoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. After it is sealed,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Multifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminum) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile.
The results inLandscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden/PVDC/PE film.Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set.
The results onHot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAutomatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.MPET Film for Packing and Insulation
Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles(8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable)180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price(control)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.