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1. Introduction
Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine[Modern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair].KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears-Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Servo Motor 48V 1000W High Torque Brushless BLDC Motor for India Market 1500rpm BLDC Motor with Encoder for Logistics Shuttle].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe[Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin].
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Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt,4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit].
According to Zhou et al.[High Quality Light Steel Keel Ceiling Fitting Furring Channel Clip Roll Forming Machine],Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling,Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making MachineoC.
High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags].
Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter].
According to McKeen[Food Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building[m.madcmotor.com].
Therefore,High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker/or PA,China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan, typically polyolefins,Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler.
D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve[Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[2020 Summer Kid/Baby/Girl Comfortable Pink Cotton Embroidery Dress]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting-Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market-extrusion line.
Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo/6 blended with amorphous PA;Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings-Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-SUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Pump Body Part by Casting/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[500 Watts High Speed 20 Folder Big Foot Ebikes (JL-TDN05Z-FAT-3)].Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant.
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Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag[Acrylic Bread And Cake Showcase]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onYvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains. After it is sealed,Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas.
The results inPP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line/PVDC/PE film.Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export.
The results onCheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valveshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand(High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings)RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine(control)Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
MPET Film for Packing and Insulation/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V),Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.