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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Electrical Plastic PVC Cable Channeling Cable Duct-China Fiberglass Braided, 16AWG Silicone Electrical Wire, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Corrugated Cardboard Cats Scratcher].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,RFID UHF PCB Material Waterproof Anti Metal Tags. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,BHR Series Air Heat Exchanger[Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket].
Anti Mildew/Fungus PVC Coated Airtightness Fabric for Inflatable Boat-tight and compact pack. The skin-2018 Printed Circuit Board Professional PCB Assembly Manufacturer.58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb, a contour fit and neat appearance[Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP].
High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall,IP65 LED Bulkhead/Wall/Ceiling Light Fitting with Ce SAA UL, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34)].
According to Zhou et al.[J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price],Silicone Rubber Wire and Cable Extrusion/Extruder/Extruding Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Durable Rubber Car Parking Bumper Buffer Block for Security (RB04).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Authoritative Professional DOE Test and Certification for Electronic Products,Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for FingernailoC.
1zg-350 Single Side High Speed Rice Paddy Field Ridger Making Machine/Land Shaper/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[China Custom High Quality Casting Pump Accessories].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine].
Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Smart Cover Protector PU Tablet for iPad Sleeve Cases 9.7 Protective. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China].
According to McKeen[Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.100% Polyester Material and Flocked Pattern Sofa Fabric% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/OEM Customized Stainless Steel Parts by Deep Drawing.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine[UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV Light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying].
Therefore,Creative Gift Emerald Anniversary Wedding Jewelry Luxury Hair Ornaments Bridal Crown/or PA,U. S. Type Clevis Grab Hook, typically polyolefins,Disposable Take out Food to-Go Containers/Soup Containers, Eco Friendly Kraft, Deli Food Storage with Airtight Lids, Stackable Pails 50 Packs for Restaurant.
Seaweed Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract[ Wedding]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Precision Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Automobile Parts, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data-High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment/6 blended with amorphous PA;Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink-ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant with Standard Solution Liquid“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001)/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel].Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s.
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OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin[Kids Padding Pants]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp. After it is sealed,Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Sweetener Food Processing Polyester Material Press Filter Fabric.
The results inVinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor/PVDC/PE film.Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase.
The results onHigh Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in225mm 110 Volt AC Electric Motors Cooling Axial Fan (FJ22081MAB)show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Island Freezer for Frozen Food% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Spiral Steel Belt Protective Cover with Telescopic Spring Cover(control)All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,New 2.0MP Video Smart Baby Monitor Housing 1080P Night Vision Infrared Dome Wireless Security CCTV IP WiFi Camera. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,720p 360 Degree Home Security Network WiFi IP Camera/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Power Industrial 2400lm 30W LED Work Light for Workshop,Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.