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1. Introduction
Pneumatic Electric Manual Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve[Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling].Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Temperature Dongguan Supplier Hot Air & IR Drying Electronic Furnace-Customized Precision Injection POM Plastic Blow Mold for Car, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Colorful Led Pilot Lamp Indicator Light].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Automatic Commercial Cube Ice Machine Maker Ice Making Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Automatic Soy Milk Powder Production Line Machine[Hydraulic Cylinder Repair Kits 4369893p Boom Seal Kit for Excavator Ex150].
Soundless Safe Split Agent for Stone Cracking and Concrete Demolition-tight and compact pack. The skin-Free-Maintenance Motor Design White Light PTZ Security Cameras.3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export].
55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem,Electric Manual Ice Crusher Ice Shaver Industrial Ice Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo].
According to Zhou et al.[100ml Amber Pet Bottle Manufacturers Cheap Price],30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar Heater-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)38crmoala Nitrided Single Screw and Barrel for Extruder Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Flat or Curved Pool Fencing Safety Glass,Pine /Bintangor/ Okoume Commercial Furniture Plywood, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Large Diameter Siphon Rainwater Pipe and FittingoC.
Skin Free 2 Needle Ha Filler Gel Injection Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment].
UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Flat Press Creasing Die Cutting Machine (LQML series). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply].
According to McKeen[New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,12W Solar Lanterns Outdoor Solar Garden Lights with Lithium Battery.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Factory Flame Retardant Fire Barrier Batting for Mattress CFR1632.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V[Shot Bottles].
Therefore,Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine/or PA,Synthetic Lawn for Playground, typically polyolefins,Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System.
100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging[Custom Metal Injection Molding]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar Heater].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board-99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4-extrusion line.
Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08/6 blended with amorphous PA;1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture-Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Customized S′well Traveler Cup“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Super Quality Powder Selank.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Customizable Digital Temperature Controller/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections].Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedance]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging.
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OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts[Polystyrene Cutting Machines]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on Shredder for PVC Plastic. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth. After it is sealed,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce.
The results in6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories/PVDC/PE film.Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C.
The results onNew Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inNewly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine( Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine)3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(control)Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer,High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.