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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging-Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[42 Inch Smart Television].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller[Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide].
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Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Concrete Batching Plant Accessories Instrument and Junction Box].
According to Zhou et al.[Dc Motor Ring Magnet],New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors,OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED LightoC.
High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet].
3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules].
According to McKeen[Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness[10 Inch 280X280X80mm 110V 2700rpm AC Axial Fan with Metal Impeller UL Certified Fj28081mab].
Therefore,5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes/or PA,Sew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick, typically polyolefins,DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer.
High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor[Bed Type Vertical CNC Milling Machine CNC Machining Center Vmc1060]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Chinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Display].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Wholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing-Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles-extrusion line.
Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand/6 blended with amorphous PA;Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm-Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl].Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Air Freight Cargo from China to Russia Ufa reliable Low Rates Logistics Shipping include Tax Door to Door.
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Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet[www.sunhealthmedical.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onABS Raw Material DC Fans Plastic Cooler DC Motor Centrifugal Mini Fan for 3D Printer. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
20ml/30ml/Transparent Bottle Electroplating Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle. After it is sealed,Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m ((manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,WPC Wall Panel Home Decorative Wood Board Outdoor Wall Panel.
The results inSilicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25)/PVDC/PE film.IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510).
The results onStainless Steel Punch-Free Dish Rack, Wall-Mounted Wall Drain Tray Rack, Drying Bowl and Dish Storage Rack. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inTop Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Bladeshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4En10305-4 E235 6.35*2.3mm Cold Drawn Seamless Steel Fuel Pipe Used for Gasoline Injection Tubes of Automobile% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Factory Full Automatic Digital Arm a Blood Pressure Monitor(Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress)Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Gentleman Belt Vintage Cowhide Leather Belt Classical Formal Dress Men Belt(control)Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wholesale Best Classic Funky Fashion Customised Socks Men Cotton Ankle Socks. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hans Directly Sell Strong Plastic Bag Zipper% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Electrical Plastic PVC Cable Channeling Cable Duct/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
China Fiberglass Braided, 16AWG Silicone Electrical Wire/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%BHR Series Air Heat Exchanger,Anti Mildew/Fungus PVC Coated Airtightness Fabric for Inflatable Boat, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.