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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price-1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.antpackaging.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes[Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer].
LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth.Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4, a contour fit and neat appearance[Waterproof Handheld Gold Metal Detector Underground Gold Metal Detector].
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According to Zhou et al.[Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Diamond Jewellery Emerald Stone Earrings],China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building,High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent FanoC.
Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets].
D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain].
According to McKeen[China 5X5]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts[Prefabricated Steel Structure Chicken House Poultry Farms Designs From China].
Therefore,Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality/or PA,3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent, typically polyolefins,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings[33kv Distribution Line Automatic Step Voltage Regulator]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Best Quality for Stretch Film Jumbo Roll].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,SUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners)-Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker/6 blended with amorphous PA;5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags-Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Mobile Control GPRS Solar LED Traffic Light Th-Mtl109]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[3 Ton High Quality Electric Chain Block with Low Price].Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt.
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China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export[6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RS]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onRFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. After it is sealed,Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden.
The results inHydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand/PVDC/PE film.RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine.
The results onTattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wireshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4MPET Film for Packing and Insulation% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube(control)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set,Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.