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1. Introduction
Eco Dust Proof Cement Clinker Port Hopper[Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data].14 Pin Ket Automobile Female Connector.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Ozone Generator for Vegetable Pesticide Residue Removal-Affordable Expandable Belt Conveyor, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.sheenlandglass.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Pneumatic Electric Manual Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts[Custom Manufacture Universal High Temp Standard Silicone Rubber O-Ring].
High Temperature Dongguan Supplier Hot Air & IR Drying Electronic Furnace-tight and compact pack. The skin-Customized Precision Injection POM Plastic Blow Mold for Car.Automatic Commercial Cube Ice Machine Maker Ice Making Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Kimwipes Cleaning Paper for Fibre Optic Equipment].
Automatic Soy Milk Powder Production Line Machine,Soundless Safe Split Agent for Stone Cracking and Concrete Demolition, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Multi-Function Fitting-up Station]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards].
According to Zhou et al.[Furniture Board Press Machine],Free-Maintenance Motor Design White Light PTZ Security Cameras-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem,Electric Manual Ice Crusher Ice Shaver Industrial Ice Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar HeateroC.
38crmoala Nitrided Single Screw and Barrel for Extruder Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[20W SMD LED Linear Track Light].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles].
Flat or Curved Pool Fencing Safety Glass(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Pine /Bintangor/ Okoume Commercial Furniture Plywood. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display].
According to McKeen[High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Large Diameter Siphon Rainwater Pipe and Fitting% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Skin Free 2 Needle Ha Filler Gel Injection Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Flat Press Creasing Die Cutting Machine (LQML series)[Motion Sensor Detection Bluetooth 4.0 Nrf51 Chip Beacon Eddystone].
Therefore,Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer/or PA,12W Solar Lanterns Outdoor Solar Garden Lights with Lithium Battery, typically polyolefins,Factory Flame Retardant Fire Barrier Batting for Mattress CFR1632.
60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V[Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Synthetic Lawn for Playground, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System-100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging-extrusion line.
Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4/6 blended with amorphous PA;Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery-Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Customized S′well Traveler Cup/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver].Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Customizable Digital Temperature Controller% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale.
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Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800[Fiberglass Reinforced Adhesive Tape]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onIron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight. After it is sealed,OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Concrete Batching Plant Accessories Instrument and Junction Box) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging.
The results inTrinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool/PVDC/PE film.Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce.
The results on6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inChinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Displayshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 417KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler(Large-Scale Hook Type Shot Blast Machine)Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light(control)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers,Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.