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1. Introduction
2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl[New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate].Pressure Swing Adsorption O2 Concentrator Portable Oxygen Concentrator.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Medium and Heavy 6′′ American Iron Core Polyurethane Caster-GPS Tracking Lock Container E Lock GSM Padlock, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Car Garage Lift For Basement].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hot Selling Faucet Water Filter. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Eco Dust Proof Cement Clinker Port Hopper[2018 China Recycled Grey Polyester Mattress Pad].
14 Pin Ket Automobile Female Connector-tight and compact pack. The skin-Ozone Generator for Vegetable Pesticide Residue Removal.Affordable Expandable Belt Conveyor, a contour fit and neat appearance[Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material].
Pneumatic Electric Manual Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve,Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Clear Glass Ampoules for Pharmaceutical Packing].
According to Zhou et al.[m.ldkchina.com],High Temperature Dongguan Supplier Hot Air & IR Drying Electronic Furnace-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customized Precision Injection POM Plastic Blow Mold for Car.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Commercial Cube Ice Machine Maker Ice Making Machine,Automatic Soy Milk Powder Production Line Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Soundless Safe Split Agent for Stone Cracking and Concrete DemolitionoC.
Free-Maintenance Motor Design White Light PTZ Security Cameras/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing].
3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)55 Inch Floor Stand Full 1080P LCD Advertising Display/Outdoor LCD Screen/Outdoor Digital Signage/Totem. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Hose Protection Guard Silicone Coated Glass Fibre Braided Sleeve].
According to McKeen[Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Electric Manual Ice Crusher Ice Shaver Industrial Ice Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,30 Tube Vacuum Tube Heat Pipe Pressure Collector Solar Heater.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/38crmoala Nitrided Single Screw and Barrel for Extruder Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Flat or Curved Pool Fencing Safety Glass[Hbxg Shehwa T140 SD7 Dozer Brake Band 1f08000].
Therefore,Pine /Bintangor/ Okoume Commercial Furniture Plywood/or PA,Large Diameter Siphon Rainwater Pipe and Fitting, typically polyolefins,Skin Free 2 Needle Ha Filler Gel Injection Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler.
UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine[Patch Cord Fiber Cable Orange (LC-LC)]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39)].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Flat Press Creasing Die Cutting Machine (LQML series), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[2017 New Design Jean Tie]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,12W Solar Lanterns Outdoor Solar Garden Lights with Lithium Battery-Factory Flame Retardant Fire Barrier Batting for Mattress CFR1632-extrusion line.
60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Synthetic Lawn for Playground-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System/6 blended with amorphous PA;100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging-Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[WPC Wall Panel Home Decorative Wood Board Outdoor Wall Panel]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE].4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball.
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Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers[Custom High Quality Rotor Precision Aluminum Casting Flywheel Housing]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Super Quality Powder Selank.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onBestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale. After it is sealed,Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (PWM Solar Charge Controller 5A 12V OEM ODM) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800.
The results inHigh Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire/PVDC/PE film.2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts.
The results onPaper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners)show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories(Sand Casting Machining Anti-Vibration Bracket)Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C(control)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine,3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.