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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit-From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Melamine Chipboard for Furniture].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PP Plastic Bag, Rice Bag[Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine].
Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes-tight and compact pack. The skin-Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making.Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1, a contour fit and neat appearance[Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm].
House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration,3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector].
According to Zhou et al.[Pdo Thread Cog],Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500),Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 PlayersoC.
Simple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for Fingernail].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch].
military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt].
According to McKeen[150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat[Cable Bellow Pipe].
Therefore,High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft/or PA,CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools, typically polyolefins,Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse.
Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer[Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic Bags].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer-Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe-extrusion line.
Orthopedic Instruments for Peld, Med, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Aluminum Flat Bar.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door/6 blended with amorphous PA;Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine-UL/ETL Certified Sjtw Heavy Duty Outdoor Power Cord Extension Cord with Lighted Triple Outlets-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Simple Frame Design Aluminium LED Stair Step Modern Wall Light Indoor/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon].Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Smart Cover Protector PU Tablet for iPad Sleeve Cases 9.7 Protective]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses.
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Compatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose[Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.RF 3 PC Pneumatic Ball Valve with Control Head.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onEmpty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Carburetor Repair Kit for Stihl Ms180 Ms170 018 017 Replacement/. After it is sealed,No Need to Punch Holes Home DIY Magnetic Insect Screen Window Screen. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,15ton Air Cooled Water Chiller for Plastic Industries.
The results inModern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair/PVDC/PE film.Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking.
The results onFruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inLarge Capacity Big Bulk Powder or Particles Fertilizer Mixershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile(New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse)Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar(control)CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%DIN ASME ANSI Standard Cast Iron Dual Plated Check Valve with Spring% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve,Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.