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1. Introduction
Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE[ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage].115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Multi-Function Fitting-up Station-Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[5 Panel Mesh Trucker Caps].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253)[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine with SGS/Ce Approval].
Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl-tight and compact pack. The skin-Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa.3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant, a contour fit and neat appearance[Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part].
Organic Tomato Powder,Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver].
According to Zhou et al.[Custom Logo Ziplock Silver Plastic Bags Foil for Fishing Bait Bag],Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization,Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE PipeoC.
on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans].
Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade].
According to McKeen[Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine[Foska Good Quality Student and Office Heavy Duty Stapler].
Therefore,Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children/or PA,Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange, typically polyolefins,Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card.
Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage[Plastic PVC Coated Metal Pipe Extrusion Production Line]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric-Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material-extrusion line.
Bus Video Security CCTV Camera, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip/6 blended with amorphous PA;Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men-Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part].Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Chinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Display]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin.
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Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital[PV Wire Labelling Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide. After it is sealed,5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket.
The results inWholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale/PVDC/PE film.Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights.
The results onHigh Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inABS Raw Material DC Fans Plastic Cooler DC Motor Centrifugal Mini Fan for 3D Printershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug(Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester)Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle(control)Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh,Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.