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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Modern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair-Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Love To Run Medal Hanger Manufacturers Cheap Price].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking[Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory].
Fruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale-tight and compact pack. The skin-Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan.Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve, a contour fit and neat appearance[Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House].
Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A,Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210)].
According to Zhou et al.[PTFE Bronze Seals for Hydraulic Seals (GSF)],Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable,Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Duplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple CableoC.
DIN ASME ANSI Standard Cast Iron Dual Plated Check Valve with Spring/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02)].
Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Antistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut].
According to McKeen[All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Stainless Steel Sheet 304 316 316L 321 310S% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Home-Use Radio Frequency Bipolar RF Slimming Beauty Machine Skin Tightening Care[Marley X7 Cooling Tower Fan].
Therefore,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine/or PA,Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS, typically polyolefins,Factory Wholesale 2019 Fashion Wool Felt Fedora Trilby Hat for Women and Man.
ESD Top Fit Black Latex Palm Coated Anti Static Work Gloves Ce Approved[Building Wall Decoration Acm Material for Outdoor or Indoor]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Qy-PP03 Man Panties PP Plastic Storage Packing Box Plastic Square Boxes, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp-Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding-extrusion line.
High Quality PU/Rock Wool MGO Sandwich Panel for Clean Room, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Suede Base Fabric, Synthetic Leather, Microfiber PVC Leather.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Brushed Anti Brass Bags/Handbags Dog Hook New Design-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Welded Carbon Steel Pipe for Transportation (CZ-RP67)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory-Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-19 Inch U. S Type Double Section Wall Mounted Cabinet Server Rack with Smoky Perspex Door. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Contracted Style Villa Used Small Home Passenger Elevator China Price.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,1310 Mini Optical Transmitter CATV Transmitter/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Art Paper A5 Cheap Leaflet Printing].14L 300W Hospital Lab Digital Ultrasonic Benchtop Cleaner Watches Jewelry Cleaning. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Electric Hot Hair Curlers Rollers 3 Size 20 PCS Fuzzy Curling Barrel% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Agriculture Cultivator Springs Double Spring Tines 3.5-12mm.
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Nellcor non-oximax neonate 7pin disposable sensor, cream[High Temperature PPS Dust HEPA Filter Bag]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201).
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Corrugated Board Printing Slotting and Die Cutting Machine. After it is sealed,Tie Rod Ball. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China Factory Drawstring Leno Mesh Bag Garlic) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Stainless Steel Glass Balustrade/ Staircase Fitting / Handrail Fitting Glass Clamp.
The results inWholesale Chinese OEM CNC Automotive Accessories Car Auto Spares Parts/PVDC/PE film.Js-0039 Professional Wood Cutting Machine Petrol Chain Saw(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Premade Bag Powder Filling Machine (XFG-F)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet.
The results onSpc Vinyl Stone Plastic Composite Flooring Plank Extruder Making Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inOEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Caseshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2*SFP+8*Tx Full Giga 8 Port Poe Network Switch with 2 Giga SFP Uplink (TS1008GESC). The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Ghl-250 Rapid Mixer Granulator(2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches)Coustom 13.56MHz Ntag213 RFID Card T5577 NFC Epoxy Tag RFID Card with Hole Punch(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Polypropylene Fibre for Commercial Slabs.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)HD-2 Hospital Furniture ABS Bedside Locker(control)1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Large Capacity Big Bulk Powder or Particles Fertilizer Mixer. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%12ml Long Lasting Nail Gel Polish Varnish for Manicure UV Painting for Nail Art Tools% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Sea Blue Matte Electro Metallic Wall Sticker Decoration Car Vinyl Film/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu,Mobile Control GPRS Solar LED Traffic Light Th-Mtl109, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.