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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto-125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cold Rolled Steel Sheet In Coil].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash[Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1291].
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Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888,Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System].
According to Zhou et al.[DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Phillips/Slot Shaft of The British Flat Tail Screws],Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant,High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic BagsoC.
15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Economy Quality Injection Plastic Molding Machine Mould].
5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Sanitary Fine Tuning Handwheel Butterfly Valve].
According to McKeen[Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)SMT Wave Soldering Process for Printed Circuit Board Assembly[Cable Trunking Cover High Quality Supplier].
Therefore,Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China/or PA,High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator, typically polyolefins,Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light.
Steel Structure Roofing for Parking[Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Ceramic Foam Filter Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Alumina Honeycomb Filter, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Hydraulic Wheelchair Small Home Lift, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Patio Outdoor Swing Frame with Slide-Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)-extrusion line.
SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Patch Cord Fiber Cable Orange (LC-LC).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
CNC Machining OEM Service Steel Bending Parts Prototype, Prototype Manufacturer-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings/6 blended with amorphous PA;ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card-Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine].Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment.
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4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer[www.frontop.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onRock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling. After it is sealed,Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine.
The results inHigh Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth/PVDC/PE film.Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield.
The results onChina Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCustom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesaleshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler(Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c)D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine(control)1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.