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1. Introduction
Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine[Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine].400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent-Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Custom Compression Yoga Pants].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration[3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment].
Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display-tight and compact pack. The skin-Automatic Bread Cake Burgers Bun Rusk Packaging Packing Machine.Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument, a contour fit and neat appearance[Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar].
Cast-Iron Vegetable Oil Pot Seafood Stew Pot Soup Pot 12in,LED Wall Washer IP65 Decoration, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts].
According to Zhou et al.[Shangdong Custom Aluminum/Aluminium Office Sliding Window with Mosquito Net Design],Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom,New Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valve, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for GarmentoC.
Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Manufacturer AISI 304 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe (300 Series)].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set].
Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)E5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer].
According to McKeen[Ozone Generator for Vegetable Pesticide Residue Removal]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedance.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Factory Supply Double Pump Portable Petrol Floating Fuel Stations[Mini CNC Mill Laser Cutting Machine 5 Axis Routers].
Therefore,No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module/or PA,Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017, typically polyolefins,Plow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery.
High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade[SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,500ml Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Cola Bottle Double Walled Reusable Metal Cola Water Bottle-Chinese Supplier Aluminium Coil for Roof and Ceiling-extrusion line.
Metal Turning Titanium Parts Titanium CNC Lathe Service, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Competitive Price Channel Steel Weight List and Sizes.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
125kHz Clamshell Card RFID Em ID White Card Em4100 Thick Door Access Control Card-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Star Wars Baseball Hat Movie Character Cap/6 blended with amorphous PA;Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′-Customized Metal Tin Lunch Box with Handle and Clasp-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Cheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Bedding.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510)].Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Bcm-1000 Type Biological Clean Bench]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film.
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Glass Cooling Tower with Large Water Collection, Manual and Automatic Water Supply[Y32 Series 100 Ton 4 Column Hydraulic Cold Press Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Original Quality Clutch Disc MD701150 MD701151 MD802060 for Mitsubish Trucks.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting. After it is sealed,Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine.
The results inStlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator/PVDC/PE film.Bus Night Vision Security Camera(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Ce Approved Cheap Medical Disposable Electrical Infusion Pump.
The results onChicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAntistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Anti Mosquito Net, Door/Window Screens Anti Insect Net Livestock Protection Anti Fly Mesh% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Purity 99.5% High Quality Potassium Citrate with Bp98 Standard(Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts)Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39).
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft Closed Hinge Glide(control)25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Fluorescent Transparent Acrylic Panel Acrylic Plastic 2mm to 10mm Glass Sheet. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm, Car Accessories Auto/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Casting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Parts/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade,6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.