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1. Introduction
Bottom Price 30tons LPG Bullet Tank, 60m3 60000liter Toroidal LPG Gas Storage Tank for Sale[High Power Industrial 2400lm 30W LED Work Light for Workshop].Single Screw Double Dual Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Bioplastic Biodegradable Cornstarch Material Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Workshop Use Woodpulp Oil Cleaning Wipes-Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Big Discount Pet Feed Machine -].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Popular Dog Food Pellet Making Machine Production Line. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,2017 New Design Jean Tie[New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining].
China Factory Drawstring Leno Mesh Bag Garlic-tight and compact pack. The skin-Laptop Desktop Computer Motherboard PCB Circuit Board Assembly PCBA.Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part, a contour fit and neat appearance[Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant].
Customized 2017 2A12 2024 Aluminium Alloy Square Tube and Rectangular Aluminium Round Tube,Beer Glass Chiller for Bar, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[European Size Rhinestone Plate Frames]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Gentleman Belt Vintage Cowhide Leather Belt Classical Formal Dress Men Belt].
According to Zhou et al.[PE Net Lure Bag Bait Bag DSL20],Metal Injection Molding Parts, Injection Mold, Parts of Powder Metallurgy-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.E Liquid Flavor Concentrate Tpd Approved Supplier,2019 World Cup Slap Cup Beer Glass Plastic, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge for Water FiltrationoC.
Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Customized Clothes Shop Racks Hanging Clothing Shop Interior Design].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Crystal Leaf Headdress Bride Hand-Woven Flower Hair Band Hair Clip].
Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body].
According to McKeen[ISO9001 & Ce Certificated Superfine Cocoa Cake Powder Grinder Mill]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Shiny Gold Sheer Organza Ribbon with Gold Hot Stamp for Christmas.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker[Exterior Receptacle].
Therefore,A95 Emergency Light Rechargeable LED Bulb Lamp LED Lighting/or PA,Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating, typically polyolefins,Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine.
400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making[ High Frequency Circuit Board]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[4000psi Stainless ISO7241A Quick Coupling].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS-Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cast-Iron Vegetable Oil Pot Seafood Stew Pot Soup Pot 12in/6 blended with amorphous PA;LED Wall Washer IP65 Decoration-Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-New Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for Garment/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Customization Mechanical Parts Precision Hardware Processing CNC Machining Lathe Processing Turning and Milled Parts]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set].Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.E5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Ozone Generator for Vegetable Pesticide Residue Removal]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil.
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Factory Supply Double Pump Portable Petrol Floating Fuel Stations[m.alitruck.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFull Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Plow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery. After it is sealed,High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier.
The results inGLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes/PVDC/PE film.500ml Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Cola Bottle Double Walled Reusable Metal Cola Water Bottle(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Chinese Supplier Aluminium Coil for Roof and Ceiling(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Metal Turning Titanium Parts Titanium CNC Lathe Service.
The results onCompetitive Price Channel Steel Weight List and Sizes. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Detailsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Star Wars Baseball Hat Movie Character Cap. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion(202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil)Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Cheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Bedding.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land(control)Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window,Glass Cooling Tower with Large Water Collection, Manual and Automatic Water Supply, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.