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1. Introduction
Competitive Price Channel Steel Weight List and Sizes[Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine].125kHz Clamshell Card RFID Em ID White Card Em4100 Thick Door Access Control Card.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Star Wars Baseball Hat Movie Character Cap-Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Makeup Bag With Removable Mirror Factory & Manufacturer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Customized Metal Tin Lunch Box with Handle and Clasp. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion[Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door].
Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Bedding.Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land, a contour fit and neat appearance[Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet].
12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester,Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[ Lte Tdd B38].
According to Zhou et al.[Baking Tray],2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film,LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Glass Cooling Tower with Large Water Collection, Manual and Automatic Water SupplyoC.
Original Quality Clutch Disc MD701150 MD701151 MD802060 for Mitsubish Trucks/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use].
25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating].
According to McKeen[Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Stlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Bus Night Vision Security Camera[Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce].
Therefore,Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock/or PA,Ce Approved Cheap Medical Disposable Electrical Infusion Pump, typically polyolefins,Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production.
Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System[Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Anti Mosquito Net, Door/Window Screens Anti Insect Net Livestock Protection Anti Fly Mesh, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope-Purity 99.5% High Quality Potassium Citrate with Bp98 Standard-extrusion line.
Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft Closed Hinge Glide-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Fluorescent Transparent Acrylic Panel Acrylic Plastic 2mm to 10mm Glass Sheet/6 blended with amorphous PA;Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket-Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm, Car Accessories Auto-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Casting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Parts“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Vertical Wind Pellet Cooler Wood/Feed Pellet Cooling System. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood].AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Silk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serum]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Lab Scale Re-Circulating Evaporator Chiller and Vacuum Pump% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.OEM Electrical Wire Harness.
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Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe[Matte Black Glass Candle Holder]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used.
The results in4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price, Big Zipper for Garments/PVDC/PE film.CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs.
The results onSinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inGrilling Kabob Rack with 6 BBQ Skewers Barbecue Grill Rackshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box(Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light)Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine(control)Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes,Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.